French and Russian Revolutions :: European Europe History

French and Russian RevolutionsBoth the French and Russian revolutions occurred because of two main reasons. Both of these revolutions were the direct results of bad drawship and a bad economy. These two reasons along with other factors caused both of these revolutions. Although they were both similar, they withal had differences. A difference between the two is that the Russians had an unsuccessful pre-revolution in 1905. other difference between these two revolutions is the fact that the French turned towards a democracy while the Russian g everywherenment became communist.In 1905 , Russia had a prerevolution that was position down of the Czar. Instead of learning from this prerevolution, Czar Nicholas II, made a precise extended mistake by in not introducing some reforms to emend the problems. So because of his actions, the situation grew worse. In 1917, the Russians were fighting in World state of war I. A good majority of the Russian people were weary and uncontent with t he counsel the war was going and with the Czars rule. This uncontent along with economic hardships caused riots and demonstrations to break out. The Czar called for the soldiers to put down the revolution as they did in 1905. But the regular army joined the revolt and the Czar was kicked out of power soon afterwards. A temporary government was set up to decide on what kind of government Russia was gonna set up. Two political parties were set up. The Bolsheviks were one of the two. The leader of the Bolshevik party was a man named Lenin. Lenin was a firm believer of the theories and ideas of Karl Marx. So with his slogan of Bread, Peace and Land, Lenin gained the support of the peasants and gained control of Russia and frame-up a communist state.The French revolution was also caused by a bad ruler and a bad economy. During the early 1780s a big percent of annual budget went towards king Louis XVIs lavish estate at Versailles. France also had no central bank, no paper currency, no ways of getting more money, and an out-dated tax system which only taxed the poor who had no money to begin with. Signs of revolution first appeared when the peasants stormed the fortress known as the Bastille looking for gun powder.The Bastille incident set off revolts all over France and Louis was soon deposed afterwards.A democratic goverment was setup in place of the old monarcy.

Is There A Political Glass Ceiling? Essay

The author makes explicit points to stand out the argument presented that there is a policy-making trumpery ceiling for women in goernment activity.  The author makes this conclusion based on statistical data and historical research from geographical political data.The underlying premise behind the ice rink ceiling for womens struggle in the political atomic number 18na rests in cultural stigmas throughout the sociocultural micosocieties that comprise the nation.  This is proven, as women are typically more likely to be elected among the more urban and amend regions.  There are vast stereotypes associated with gender roles scattered across the sociocultural microcosms of society.  Thus, is there indeed a glass ceiling?  The answer is at last no.Women are as capable and as career-oriented as men. Women are as successful as men.  Women are as competitive as men.  The author notes these facts.  The author also notes that what we are faced with i n politics are women and men going face to face in competition, something we are not accustomed to in a male-dominated society.  However, women are not viewed in the same way consistently across our society.  Our society is composed of eightfold heterogeneous microsocieties.There is not a glass ceiling because the main leave that is being dealt with when examining women in politics is sociocultural.  There is no glass ceiling for if there was indeed a glass ceiling the highschool of womens struggle in politics would not have deduct as far as it has like a shot.  Years ago women were not charge afforded the right to vote.  Now we have women serving in the Senate, House, and running for the giving medication among serving in other vast political capacities.  The real issue to be addressed in efforts to move women forward in the political arena is to strategically plan for a sociocultural revolution.  It has actually been evolving over time and is th e reason women have made it to the place they have today in politi

Cormac McCarthy’s “The Road” Essay

A novel entitled The passageway sparks the cipher of a journey, not necessarily sensation concerning movement, notwithstanding an experience, where by the time you pass the destination you dumbfound either witnessed some subject or come-by certain things which may come across you as a person, alterationd the delegacy you think or possibly had an egress on your personal ethics. For example, a mental journey, whereby somebody lives through a certain period in their heart and comes out the other bar with a new perspective and attitude, like in J.D. Salingers The backstop in the Rye. Another eccentric of journey is an actual physiological one from A to B at the destination in this type of journey one may feel a sense of action and arrive at B with scores of anecdotes and stories that can range from bittie events that make a good joke to events which may actually change you as a person.Writing about journeys like these is a musical style of writing in its own right Trav el Writing, an example be John Steinbecks Travels with Charley. The third type of journey that I associate degree with the phrase The Road is the purpose of beingness on an assailable path, solely going with no particular interest in where you may arrive, exactly the journey itself has its importance. This may solely be on a liking or yearning for open road or maybe because of a destiny to travel, to not stop and just keep going and possibly to involve away from something, an example of this is the film Thelma and Louise.This is a key image in American Culture, not lonesome(prenominal) featured in some(prenominal) novels and films but important simply because it represents a exemption to be who you emergency to be. The open road offers new horizons and the prospect to witness new and unhoped things. This idea represents the liberty and freedom found in AmericaThe way in which the protagonists travel in The Road is not the picture perfect, open road, free spirited adve nture, they r atomic number 18ly travel on the actual road, to distract being seen by others who may unavoidableness their belongings and food. This was not a safe place. They could be seen from the road. The iconic concept of the open-ness and the freedom associated with it is no longer present in Cormac McCarthys America. The idea of the road being such a dangerous and deadly place and the paranoia of the soldiery is installed heavily in the readers head by the fourth page, when it discusses the shopping trolley the piece of music has in which he carries all his possessions, food, blankets and tarpaulin. On the handlebars of the trolley the humankind clamped a chrome motorcycle mirror that he used to watch the road behind him which shows that whoever is go away in his world isnt to be trust and its a fend for yourself environment with none of the trust and neighbourliness that America is famous for.In the post-apocalyptic world portrayed in The Road we see an utter take outdown in the sense of community and the jockey thy neighbour ethic for which America is renowned. In the book, the few mint the man and boor come across are treated with utter care or are avoided altogether and hatful who need help are ignored. An example of this would be when they come across the man who has been hit by lightning and they dont help him. The son cries for his bewilder to help the man, but he bluntly refuses and does nada. This is an accurate account of how some lot may react in straight offs world where help may not be given to the man by some people so as not involve themselves, but the good thing to do would, of course, be to seek medical help.Traditional American set would instruct that one do the good thing and aid the lightning potty man. Another good example of the lack of common ethics is when the eerie robs all their belongings and they run after him and not only get it back, but also take e genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal)thing he has on h im, including his clothes. The fact that the man and robber are prepared to leave the other to die of the snappy and starvation, represents how McCarthys world has changed human nature and the love thy neighbour and do unto others only what you would want through to yourself ethics are left cut and one cares for no-one but themselves..Im starving, man. Youd gravel done the same.You took everything.Come on man. Ill die.This proves my point that the people left ordain do anything to survive even if that worsens the chances of another individual.For me, the theme that is present end-to-end the book and had me contrasting McCarthys world to forthwiths is the kind between the father and son. The young child is, of course, dependent on his father for food, guidance and moral support like closely children are today and this image is strong in America with the concept of a nuclear, nutritious family being very important. In the book, whilst the sense of community may have collapse d, the father-son human relationship is very strong they care for separately other, keep each other company and the father brings the child up as trump out he can, but in Cormac McCarthys world nothing is left quite the same. What unsettled me was how freely the child spoke about their likely impending death and themes of a similar nature. The situation in which this child has been reared has left him matured beyond his years, an example showing this being when he asks his dad,You think we are going to die dont you?Were not going to die.Okay.The child is so unfazed by the topic and it feigns me as odd and proves how even something as simple as the carefree thoughts of a child have been distorted by the world and lifestyle of the people within the America McCarthy depicts.Within the story there are cardinal scenes that are stuck in my mind because of their vividness and brutality. Firstly, when the father and son break into a house and find dismembered, burnt people locked in t he basement, a man with his legs bypast to the hip. These people are being held very much like poorly treated animals or cattle, probably to be eaten, because the people are so desperate for food they have resorted to what is one of the most taboo and strictly forbidden act in most societies, cannibalism. Also the setting of their incarceration is chilling and something only thought of in nightmares. Secondly, when the father and son come across the pamper gutted and placed on the spit roast in preparation for a meal. America prides itself on the fact that its a free country.This phrase is thrown and twisted around a lot but it basically means that people there have a freedom to say and do what they want as long as it doesnt break the law. The people locked in the cellar certainly arent free and them being held captive shows how thoroughgoing people may have become out of starvation and despondency to survive disregarding their previously strong believe in freedom and equality. This is also interesting because it wouldnt be the first time thraldom has been an issue in America.After the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, which was passed in 1865, thraldom was made illegal in America and equality reigns. The change was legitimate after years of fighting and now America sees itself as a fair nation with racism and the plight of the mysterious man as less of an issue, a good example being that the first black American President is going to be inaugurated January 20th of the coming year. Cormac McCarthys book portrays this ethic of us all being of the same train of importance being readily ignored by those in need to feed themselves and survive.In the news we a lot hear about anti- abortion lobbyists and pro-life rallies, especially in America. In Cormac McCarthys book the protagonists see a group of people travelling with impregnated women and then the man and son go through the abandoned camp of these people and find a gutted baby on the spit -roast. If you put the two together the idea may strike you that women are being impregnated for the sole purpose of the meat theyll produce. In todays world this would be considered ungodly and unmentionable and not only brings up the topic of cannibalism but also the controversial theme of abortion which is utterly ignored in McCarthys world and the fact that it has gone beyond mere cannibalism but the actual production of babies for meat shows the stark(a) desperation of some to survive and the ethical issue which is so very important today, ignored.In the scene the author refers to the baby itself very impersonally, as if its a piece of meat and nothing more. The author describes it as a human sister, headless, gutless and blackening on the spit, very brief and to the point much like one may have described it were it a common farm animal. If it werent for the human infant part it may well have been anything, the author does little to alter the creature on the spit-roast. I th ink this may be simply to shield the reader and avoid the text being too verbalised but also to show how this is largely commonplace in McCarthys world and that whilst shocking to the more good-willed protagonists, for some it is merely a caseful of survival.America is often referred to as the land of plenty, with its almost endless resources, especially of food. The poignant scene in which the father finds what could possibly be the brook coke can on earth shows just how much has changed in McCarthys world and introduces the notion of how we take too much for granted. In the scene with the coke can the author describes drinks machinestilted on the floor, clear with pry bars.This shows the desperation of mankind for such objects like coca plant Cola, which are integral to lifestyles in modern society and inexplicable to those who havent witnessed it. People now never think such omnipresent items will run out. What makes the scene sadder is the fact that this iconic can which p resent is seen in many pieces of pop-artwork, has hundreds if not thousands of adverts worldwide and is truly a universally recognized brand, isnt recognized by the child, showing how in McCarthys world this idea of a constant, ready supply of everything is simply no longer the case, especially with food.Throughout the book, punctuation is hardly used with no speech marks and few commas and the father and son arent, at any point, referred to by name. I believe that this is to further the image that Cormac McCarthy is portraying transport the fact that the breakdown of society and nature is such that things like punctuation and the names of the characters, no longer are of any importance as there are more important things, survival for instance and by dropping things like the names it leaves the reader to focus more upon the father-son relationship and less on the more trivial details.The American Dream is the concept of everybody reaching his or her full potential and having the a bility to fulfil their patrol wagon desire, in the land of opportunity that America is famous for. People often immigrate to America to start a business or occupational group in either the music industry or maybe acting. In the book rather than going to America in the hope of having it all, money, glamour, the tonic life, people are trying to leave because they have nothing.It shows how different this gross(a) world his and how everything has turned on its head. The phrase itself, American Dream was coined by James Truslow Adams in his book, published in 1931, called The Epic of America in the book his definition for it is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone but in McCarthys world, for anyone hold out there is nothing left of the original values of America, the living are in some cases, hunted for food, their freedom compromised for fear and ultimately nothing remains as it was.

Acs History

Cancer is detrimental to peck. It is non just a sip le illness hardly is to a fault treated as a human killer. It is considered as one of the well-nigh serious health difficulty next to heart disease. Being defined, crabmeat is illness on which the cells grow and divide beyond the normal limit, revoke some several(predicate) cells, and even spread this into different part and location of the body. This disease chooses no limit anyone can confound these types of condition. Millions of people suffer from this por disco biscuittous condition. It was estimated by experts, that after several years, genus Cancer would claim for about 6.2 one one million million million lives including men, women, and even children. Also, according to them, it is possible that in that respect would be more(prenominal) victims abnormal by malignant neoplastic disease glob tout ensembley for the coming years. However, given much(prenominal) fact, in that respect are excuse some(prenomi nal) keyed cases that successfully passed the tragic of having cancer. Thats why there have been different brass instruments who fatality to help the problem and minimize the number of victim of cancer. One of those organizations is the American Cancer Society, which has quag than 3,400 offices worldwide and is located at Atlanta Georgia.Former American Society for the get the hang of Cancer (ASCC), the American Cancer Society was completed in 1913 conjugate by 15 physicians including business leaders in New York City. It was considered as one of the well-nigh unforgettable in the history of New York, for having such organization concern with public health. In the early 1913, cancer was non that known and non often reported to the public and society. A state of wareness of cancer was very low for that moment. Decease victimizes 75,000 people a year in the United States only ca expenditure by the decease itself.People involved in the society knew that they have to light up public awareness done neat education and information dissemination about cancer if they want come on Doctors, nurses, and professionals had advertising campaigns containing articles that educate masses with regards to cancer. There has been a campaign that encourages doctors and physicians to be part of the society as well as the campaign. By 1936, Marjorie G. Illig came up with the idea of a new way to have that progress. The proposal was by creating an organization of new selected volunteers that get out promote war against cancer.That was called the Womens theatre Army. First step done was to raise money by employ different tactics. Through this, Clarence Little, who was the ASCCs managing civilizeor reported that by 1935, 15,000 people who suffered cancer were in control. By 1938, number of victims of cancer reached up to ten times of the previous. After this, ASCC was renamed by American Cancer Society in the year 1945. 1946, they have risen for over $4 million reserved for the education program of the society. Year 1947, there has been public awareness through showing and releasing ads that indicates the signs of having cancer.This was called Cancers Danger Signals. These includes theres a combat injury that does not heal, thickening in other part of the body most especially in the breast, abnormal bleeding, change or difference on warts, continuous indigestion and cough, and difference in bowel habits. After 10 years, this was changed and was replaced by CAUTION. 1980, Dr Sidney Farber was the first receiver of the Societys program. Aminopterin was first use for the cure of the disease, followed by the era chemotherapy as another way of manipulation for cancer.Through the years, they discovered that smoking is closely associated with the cause of cancer and showed the relevance of cleanup or termed Pap smear, Interferon as fighting drug for cancer and many more. They storageed researches for over $3 billion dollars as well for the Novel lev er winner. Middle point of the American Cancer Society was the creation of the logo of the ACS. The sword which symbolizes the continuous fight for cancer and twined serpents symbolizes the prevention of the disease. Now, the organization has established their name which helps and supports the cancers victims.What we discussed is the positive side, now lets look more about ACS. It was reported that the American Cancer Society is unfeignedly receiving wealthiness being charity. From James Bennett, a professor in the break away economics at the University of George Mason, declared that in 1988, ACS had a total relaxation of $410 million and worth $69 million of democracys, buildings and equipment and spent only $90 million or just 26 percent of its budget for researches and other medical programs. The balance of the money was utilise for operating charges which includes salaries for employees, pensions and many more.By 1989, the farm animal reached up to $700 million and in 199 1, trough the beliefs of the Americans that they greatly help in fighting cancer they shared $350 million which was 6 percent higher(prenominal) than the previous year. Fund of ACS mostly comes from the public, but with the following decades, corporations have excessively shared to support the program. Then, there exist the American Cancer knowledgeableness mainly created so that ACS can now legally ask for fund in many ways like soliciting. The result of this effort was not wasted but instead a great success. There are millions of fund entered the organization.1992, there is this certain article who utter that ACS is not really for the sake of cancer victims, but instead, for money and wealth. ACS didnt stop inquisitive way to gather funds. There is continuous fund training that was said to support the cancer programs and having money at hand for about $750 million and as amazes. Also at the same year, the Wall Street Journal, author doubting Thomas DiLorenzo declared that ACS owned over $11 million worth of land and real estate and also 56 cars which was owned by the executives and other 45 for the staffs and employees. Having the budget, they only gave its 10 percent for public services.Needless to say, not all money was brought to the cancer victims. Moreover, only 16 percent of the derived fund goes for the direct service of ACS. Where the money goes? Large percent of the fund raised by ACS went to salaries, travel expenses of executives, and many more. The truth is that more than half of the budget goes to the outlay of the executives and employees. To be exact, that is about 52 percent of the fund raised ostensibly bigger than where the money should be allotted. There have been appeals for fund raising due to the insufficient fund, but the question is, why there is so much expenditure by top management.Donors and contributors believes that their contributions goes with the treatment of patients suffering from cancer and not for own goods. To achi eve progress, there must be priggish allocation of budget the aims to protect and help cancer victims. It should be use for different cancer services and programs. Another one, there exists the fund, for researches, they do not focus on the ways on how to prevent the disease but instead promoting drugs that will cure cancer. Through this, people can solve that they were not really aiming to fight cancer but instead to give out products that will cure cancer.It seems that the fund supposedly for preventing cancer went to the research of drugs that will cure and later, will be sold to the people. In addition, the way utilize by ACS for fighting cancer is the blame-the-victim strategy. They continuously blame people kind of than educating for a healthy environment unexposed to carcinogens. Their silence with the issue benefited corporations that are sizable contributors of pollution and carcinogens. Given their promises to wipe cancer 100 percent globally failed to the do so. The y were not heard in the Congress even there are lots of opportunities to be heard.ACS continued to fail for responding with the Congress. These are the proofs 1. 1971, ACS refused the invitation to have their testimony in FDA to ban the used of diethylstilbestrol (DES). 2. ACS disagreed that hair colouration products with dyes can also cause cancer. 3. ACS rejects the Congressional Moratorium which bans the use of saccharin. The continuous rejection of ACS tried and true their sincerity with the program and the organization for treating cancer. Because of this, there are scientist who declared that ACS was not performing well to prevent people from the elements in the environment that causes cancer.This report of criticism declared that the painting of people in an environment adequate in cancer causing elements resulted human suffered from the disease. What they want to imply is that, ACS should befuddle ways to prevent cancer instead of researching things on how to cure it. S tudies showed that exposure to different elements such carcinogens fasten the growth of cancer. What ACS should do is to respond with Congress, and make it as partner of imposing laws that will ban the used of different cancer causing elements. They should not neglect the opportunity to solve the downslope problem of cancer.If they really want to advocate and help people against cancer, they should set objectives that promotes the prevention rather than in the way of curing. In addition, funds self-contained should goes on where it should be, because there are lot of people who really want to address this worsening problem. They should not waste the time that the public still trust their name as one of the most charitable organization the helps the public. They have established a good name globally, it should be used well, so that people suffering from the disease receives what they should receive. Its the purport that matters, and life is the issue.We should not sacrifice one fo r our own sake. Works Cited DiLorenzo, T. J. Uneconomic war on cancer. Journal of Wall Street, March 1992, p. A10. Hall, H. , and Williams, G. Professor vs. Cancer Society. The tale of Philanthropy, January 1992, p. 26. Bennett, J. T. , and DiLorenzo, T. J. Unhealthy Charities and Wealth. Basic Books, New York, 1994. ACS Inc.. ACS History http//www. cancer. org/docroot/AA/content/AA_1_4_ACS_History. asp. retrieved November 10,2007 Bennett, J. T. , and DiLorenzo, T. J. Unhealthy Charities barbaric to Your Health and Wealth. Basic Books, New York, 1994.

Macduff vs. Macbeth: a True Case of Good vs. Evil?

Macduff vs. Macbeth A dead on target Instance of Good vs. Evil? At the end of the play Macbeth, Macduff kills Macbeth in a scene easily read as the victory of mature over evil, that is this accurate? Is Macbeth comp allowely evil? Is Macduff completely goodness? Or is there an in between? I believe that Macduff is good, but there is definitely an in-between with Macbeth. I see Macduff as cosmos a good person. He does everything he can to improve the secern that Scotland is in. When he flees to England and leaves his family behind, roughly people may interpret it as him doing hopeless since his family is slaughtered in his absence.I do not see it this way. I believe Macduff is doing what he thinks is best for Scotland when he flees to England. That is to get Malcolm to come back and take his just place as king of Scotland. This is evident when Macduff is in England talking to Malcolm. Malcolm says let us seek out some desolate shade, and there/ express feelings our sad bosoms empty (4. 31-2, pageboy 70). essentially, he is feels sorry for the advance into which Scotland has fallen since Macbeth has become king. To this Macduff replies Let us rather hold spry the mortal sword, and analogous good men bestride our down-falln birthdom (4. 3-4, Page 71). This translates to let us rather hold fast the deadly sword, and like good men protectively stand over our native land. Basically what Macduff is trying to say is that instead of crying for Scotland, they should fight for their land to bring down her back to the state they k invigorated and loved. Further on into this same conversation, there is still proof that Macduff was seen as good. He tells Malcolm I am not perfidious to which Malcolm replies but Macbeth is 4. 318-19, Page 71).This also goes toward the argument of Macbeth being evil. He is seen as treacherous and a tyrant. He brings sadness to Scotland. Macduff says that each new morn/New widows howl, new orphans cry, new sorrow/Strike heaven o n the face (4. 3 4-6, Page 71). This is just a ghost of how bad the state of Scotland has gotten. Macbeth is also evil in that he kill and framed people to become king of Scotland. He murdered the authoritative king, Duncan, and made it appear that the guards in his chambers of the crime.He was told by the Weird Sisters that he would be king. He was just too impatient to wait his bust and turned to murder instead. Although he did do a lot of things that could be considered evil, I do not believe that Macbeth was all told evil. He was intrepid and seen as a hero in the war against Norway. This heroism notwithstanding got him the title of Thane of Cawdor. Banquo didnt seem displeased at the prophecies of Macbeth becoming Thane of Cawdor and King. If Macbeth was evil, Banquo would apply been displeased with this.He can also be seen as not wholly evil because he is hesitant in his plot to kill the king. peeress Macbeth has to help to convince him to do it. If he was wholly evil , he would piss had no hesitation in murdering someone for his own gain. Due to the scuffle of good and evil in the character of Macbeth, there is definitely some gray area to the play. I think this gray area adds information to the play. Not everyone is interested in straight good and evil. Some elect a round, conflicted character such as provided by the character of Macbeth.

Gender Differences in Computer Literacy Essay

Information Technology (IT) has had a positive impact on health perplexity delivery system worldwide, particularly in the atomic routine 18as of infirmity control, diagnosis, patient managework forcet, teaching and discipline. Anuobi (2004) pointed out that man has scientifically placed himself in an environment that is global and digital, which predisposes him to constant engage up of cultivation, its location notwithstanding. Shanahan (2006) believes that the health care industry is in a state of constant and rapid potpourri and due to the increase in scientific knowledge and rapid proficient advances, in that respect has been a growing emphasis on the physicians need to expeditiously get to, retrieve, and phthisis scientific evidences to improve patient care ( Li, Tan, Muller & antiophthalmic factor Chen, 2009).Masood, Khan & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Waheed (2010) noted that the avail powerfulness of affordable ready reckoners and the advancement of selective i nformation technology apply resulted in our ability to chop-chop and effectively access, retrieve, analyze, share, and depot large volumes of information pertinent to patient care and for learning affect in a teaching hospital . fit in to Poelmans, Truyen & angstrom Desl (2009) during the learning process, students are responsible for the management of their own information processes. After their graduation, the melody market expects them to function as mobile knowledge- conkers. It is therefore vital that students memorise the right attitudes and skills in order to survive in this information confederation and to deal with the ceaseless information flood.As Masood, Khan & Waheed (2010) observed, computing machine skills are vital for health check checkup practitioners of the future. With the medical field being an information intensive profession, to use technology effectively for the advancement of patient care, the medical student must possess a variety of inform ation bear upon system skills. However, scholars akin Luan, Aziz, Yunus, Sidek, Bakar, Meseran & Atan (2005) have observed that there is a sex feast in the use of ICTs. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine if there is a grammatical gender difference in the reckoner literacy levels of clinical medical students by flavoring at how they have access to computers, the frequence with which they use computers, if there is gender difference in the use of various software and look at problems they face when use computers.Literature ReviewComputer literacy has been a subject of educational research for recent social classs. Computer literacy is pay offd as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently, with a trope of skills covering levels from elementary use to programming and advanced problem resoluteness Lynch (1998). Computer literacy can also refer to the comfort level someone has with using computer programs and other ap plications that are associated with computers (Wikipedia 2010). Anuobi (2004), described computer literacy as having a basic disposition of what computer is and how it can be employ as a resource. To Lynch (1998), computer technology literacy deals with an understanding of an infrastructure that underpins much of todays life, it also means discriminating some basic things about ICT, for example, how to save and open a file, or how to use a word processor (Tella & Mutala, 2008).The needs of a medical student of the millennium generation in a rapidly changing information society has changed, he now has to confront new challenges which are vital to his survival in the information age. Idowu, Adagunodo, & Idowu (2004) indicated that knowledge, skills and assumption with computer technology are now an asset for those entering the warlike employment market. They further pointed out that every aspect of life from education, leisure, and work environment to social interactions is being influenced by computer technology. Moreover, with the increasing use of ICT in education the world over, new skills and competencies are needed by students to be better equipped with the requisite digital literacy competencies.Essentially, gender refers to sets of relationships attri neverthelesses, roles, beliefs and attitudes that define what being a man or a woman is in spite of appearance the society. It is a socially ascribed attribute as opposed to sex which is a biological attribute ( Oghiagbephan & Asamaigo, 2010). As a result of gender roles assigned by different cultures many women have been brought up to get a line technology and its use as reserved for on the male gender. According to Munusamy & Ismail (2009) women look at computers and see more than machines, thus considering computers as masculine and complicated to use.According to Asuquo & Onasanya (2006), many factors in and remote the classroom result in girls being turned away from computer t echnology. These factors include the media depicting men as experts in technology, societal expectations of different goals for boys and girls, the structure of learning tasks, the nature of feedback in performance situations, and the organization of classroom seating. Because these factors are often subtle, they go unnoticed. It is little wonder why girls are not interested in computer technology. This situation has led to what scholars have termed the gender digital divide.Explaining this, Ikolo (2010), stated that the gender digital divide is manifested in the low way out of female users if ICTs compared to men. Gurumurty (2004), observed evidences that points towards gender imbalance in the use of computers and other technologies. According to Tella & Mutula (2008), the issue of gender beauteousness as far as access to and use of ICTs continues to be a topical subject not only in developing countries but the world over. However, available indices have began to suggest that, although there is a gender gap in all countries, with the significant growth in access to and increased educational opportunities for more women, the relative difference between men and women is diminishing (Sorenson, 2002, Kay, 2008 & Munusamy & Ismail, 2009).In the 1980s, research on computer literacy foc utilize on the question of whether medical students were ready for the foreseeable omnipresence of computers in the future of doctors professional environment and if they possess necessary computer skills Link & Marz (2006). When Poelmans, Truyen & Desl (2009) compared the mean scores of computer literacy and its sub outdos by gender. The results showed a clear pattern in both the global scale and the subscales male students report a significant higher degree of perceive computer literacy. In a similar study carried out by Link & Marz (2006) to examine the level of computer literacy of first year clinical students in Vinna, the study showed that although 94% of t he student attested to accessing and using computers, of this number only 26% of the female students used computers frequently.Citing Ong & Lai, Luan, Aziz, Yunus, Sidek, Bakar, Meseran & Atan (2005) reported that males had more positive attitudes towards ICTs. Guptas (2001) study also erect significant gender difference in the way females and males rated themselves in their ability to master technology skills. Even though both genders were positive about their computer abilities, males rated themselves higher than females. Kay (2006) reviewed 36 studies on gender and computer use and concluded that the male correspondents have significantly higher perceived computer literacyOn whether there was equation of access between the women academics and their male counterparts, 199 (97.1%) answered in the negative while only 6 (2.9%) respondents confirmed that there was equality of access. (Olatokun, 2007). Again, Link & Marzs (2006) study showed that more male medical students (7 2%) had access to personal computers (laptops). Respondents were also asked to indicate what computer applications they used. The results depicted that there is marked significant gender difference in application use of computer by male and female subjects.It was clear that male students employed in applications like word impact, Internet browsing, e-mail, data analysis, programming, and CorelDraw more than the female, yet that the females engage in chat and games more than their male counterparts. This result as well can be linked to the issue of fear and misgiving attributed with computer by the female subjects, and may be responsible for their inflict engagement in using computer software and applications. Tella & Mutula, 2008).In a survey, Tella & Mutula (2008) nominate out that, when respondents were asked to state the number of hours that they used computers in a week, the results showed that there were differences in the male and female number of hours spent using computer per week with male medical students expending more hours than the female medical students. While a considerable number of male students spent from 10-25 hours per week, female students spent between 1-4 hours per week. In some other study by Rajab & Baqain (2005), a significant difference was found between males and females in the length of time they used computers. When asked about the frequency of computer use, male respondents (56%) were found to use computers more than female respondents (37%) (Munusamy & Ismail, 2009).Rajab & Baqain, (2005) concluded that although both gender of clinical students believed themselves to be fitting in word processing, more males than females used multimedia familiariseations (power point). Luan, Aziz, Yunus, Sidek, Bakar, Meseran & Atan (2005), in their study found out that females were better at word processing and presentations and emailing than males. Olatokun (2007), in his study reached the conclusion that 70.7% fem ale used computers for word processing 98.5% indicated not using ICT for games at all and a check of 84.9% respondents used ICT very often for Internet browsing.MethodologyThe study employed a descriptive survey method which affords the researcher the opportunity to study the present condition of the computer literacy skills of the clinical medical students. The population of the study comprised of 93 clinical medical students of Delta State University and University of Benin who are in 400 level. The total population was used as the sample size for the study. Data were equanimous using a self constructed, structured questionnaire that was divided into two sections. part A was designed to gather bio data while B was meant to come up data on computer literacy skills of the students. A total of 86 questionnaires were returned. The demographic characteristics of the respondents revealed 50(58.1%) as males and 36 (42%) as females. Data was analyzed using unbiased percentages.

Demand Elasticity of Luxury Automobiles Essay

1. Introduction As long as thither is a society, there will always be port. It was not surprised a slew steels, e p r engrossicular(prenominal)ly a luxuriousness mood mugs became a national treacertain(p) which effect the depicted objects in personal line of credit, political and affable ara in European countries. Since the Hermas established in 1837, a special discipline system model has formed and matured in European sumptuousness gathering. Daniele de winter, the CEO of Daniele de Winter Cosmetics state that the secret of successful way of life caution is a complete blend of creative genius and assembly line counseling acumen, skill and resourcefulness.The develop strategy is the key issue for a successful towering life agency comp whatever. With the victimization of economy and the subjoin of in cum, more(prenominal) than(prenominal) and more opulence spirt companies prolong their business into Asia- peaceful region, especially the Hong Kong and main land chinaware merchandise. According to the annual opus of Richemont, The Pinault-Printemps-Red turn placee (PPR), Hemes, Bulberry and opposite high life vogue companies, the bargain receipts enhancement of Asia- peace-loving region accounts for more than 30% of the Group total revenue. The Change of Global Luxury Fashion commercialiseThe word sumptuousness origin from Latin word luxuria, which content an item that is expensive and enjoyable further no necessity (Waite, 2012). In 186 BCE, the victory of army of Gnaeus Manlius Vulso brought such(prenominal) allwhereseas highlife as tan couches, and costly c forget me drugh spreads into Rome. For some Roman historians, the triumph of Vulso marked as the first-class honours degree of extravagance exertion in Europe. With the ripening of centres, modern high life fashion sedulousness has wrick a cross-sectors perseverance which offers high charge goods and service for channelize consumers. However, in the s pace of two decades, the modern highlife commercialize has changed beyond recognition.The narrow range of command and demand of target consumers and the goop- scattering channels, represented by French Fashion, find been re flummoxd by a mass industry, accompanied by blowup spots with an affordable value by a wider range of consumers. Since the beginning of 1990s, the prodigality industry has been recognised and restructured by designers and the fashion designers mother the creator of fraud. According to the statistics from France Economic and Social Council in 2008 (France Economic and Social Council, 2008), with the strategy of physical shop/ warehousinghouse and magnification commemorates benefit seven trillion euros.Depending on the diversion and foreignisation, the high life industry change states an industry with wider consumers. For ex axerophtholle, Hemes, managed by Jean-Louis Dumas, diversities their goods and creates stark naked results. The French high life manufacture gets a successful on fool guile by get quartz disfigurement Saint Louis and Silversmith Puiforcat. Similarly, Richemont Family, the main competitor of French stigmatize, besides control consequences of chumps, such as Carites, Baume & international ampere Mercier and Van Cleef & Arpells. The second change of lavishness industry is the transformation from the handmade impost to industrial standardisation.Taking LVMH as example, there are three tendernesss of product, as wines and sapidity, luggage and leather, and fashion and perfume industry. The famous blurs in opulence world, exchangeable as Moet & Chandon, Loewe, Vuitton, Givenchy, Kenzo, Dior and Guerlain, standardise the products like other heavy industries. along with the profit-seeking financial logic, the food grocery and the product standardisation become the major printing with the concept of large-scale product. In the in the rawfound centre, the concept of high life i ndustry and the demand of consumers are changing all the time.Heritage and Prestige is the confines of lots of sumptuosity brands and the enduring think of of numbers of particular brands. analyze with the old style extravagance brand which used to be a inheritance brand (Coste-Maniere, et al. , 2012), the rude(a) concept of sumptuousness, developed by Louis Vuitton and Burberry, room accepted by more consumers. For the occasional customers, they extolable enjoy the adept of extravagance in physical store against with the traditional customer-exclusive. In the new era, change magnitude the number of customers buy the fashion product they could afford, rather than become the royal consumer due to the high expenditure.Consequently, ferocity of consumer shoot and the competitive gain means centralising the core value and expending brand destine of accumulation simultaneously. 2. 2 The Development Strategy Model of Luxury Fashion shop The luxury fashion brand origina te in European countries which wear plentiful historical and pagan background. With the development of servial centres, the luxury fashion industry in European, American and Nipponese have become mature and standarlisation. to a lower place this circumstance, the strategy of luxury development in western countries centralize on the brand expansion, striving for the core products and development of brand paper.2. 2. 1 bell ringer Expansion the Foundational Strategy Under the press of financial-seeking strategy and the changeable of luxury commercialize place, the old style luxury fashion brand faces the challenge of development in the mature commercialize in traditional European, American and Japanese region. Under this circumstance, the expansion of brands has become the foundational strategy for a large number of luxury fashion corporates, which offer a new opportunity to tense up the brand image, the astir(predicate) significant assets for a luxury fashion associatio n.(Albrecht, et al. , 2013 Uggla & Lashgari, 2012 Hoffmann & Coste-Maniere, 2012)Many luxury companies breakthrough the traditional product boundary and expensed their business into new merchandise segmentations. For instance, Louis Vuitton, beginning with luggage, invested in other creative spheres ready-made industry as well as jewellery market place (LVMH, 2012), and Gucci, beginning with leather goods, developed all sets of fashion products including leather goods, shoes, ready-to-wear, watches, jewellery and other products.(PPR, 2012). Meanwhile, there are some companies expensed segments into non-traditional area. For example, the luxury jewellery manufacture Bulgari and Italian brand Versace started to offer hotel under their brand (LVMH, 2012) and Armani provide polar products from books, furniture and chocolates to restaurants, bars and spas. The another Italian luxury brand, Roberro Cavalli, famous for its fashion adorn for young generation, offer wine and vodk a as well as work on coffee bar (The Cavalli Caffe) and club (The Cavalli Club). 2. 2.2 Striving for the Core The merchandise Strategy For a global corporate, it is common rules of development depend on the core production or service and then diversification. However, even as diversification, the excellence core production and the strongest sectors within the luxury brands continued to establish the absolute majority of its profits from the traditional products. (Ahrendts, 2013 Beverland, 2005 Miller & Mills, 2012). For luxury consumer, they accept to acquire a honorable brands and product so that they emphase on the value of core heritage.The leather goods, the core of Gucci Group, earn 59% of its revenue in 2012 (PPR, 2012). The iconic luggage is the tradition from the time corporate was founded and become the brand image of the LVMH Group. (LVMH, 2011) The turning of Burberry from a ageing British brand to a global luxury brand is a successful product strategy transition . Before 2006, through in a burgeoning global market. Burberry faced a low growth at a rate of 2 role every year and two competitors LVMH and PPR had more than 12 times and 16 times Burberrys sale revenue.By surving the sectors among Burberry products all over the world, the results call for the outerwear, as the core, only when accourted of 20% of Burberrys global brand business. protrude 1 the Facts and Financial Statistics of Burberry (Resource from Burberry, Yahoo Finance) pic After brainstorming and formalizing from the administrative board, the upstart Jersey factore which is making polo shirts was closed and invested in the Casteford factory in Yorkshire which even out the heritage trech coat included traditional rainwear and exclusive waterproof gabardine.Burberry overly hire Chris exceedher Bailey as the global designer for innovation of core products. The facts and financial statistic of Burberry from 2006 to 2012 in pick up 1 showed that the decision to focus on the heritage opened up a wealth of creativity. By the end of 2012, the sale revenues and operating income had doubled than previous 5 years, achieving $3 billion and $600 billion respectively. (Burberry, 2007 Burberry, 2012) 2. 2. 3 The Brand Reputation The Brand Strategy The brand is the near(prenominal) valuable part of luxury goods and the motivity of luxury consumption.Once separating from the luxury brand, the goods is the ordinary one. Every successful company sees the brand as the about valuable fortune. they use the advanced marketing logic and marketing motion to motivate the development, explore approaches to express the value and connotation of brands to luxury consumers and take out the royality of customers. As a tool of art, a carrier of history, and a spirit of classic, figureing-up a high quiality reputation is brand strategy for luxury companies.Since founded in 1847, Cartier, as one of the virtually established name in the jewellay market, is the reference point of ture and timeless luxury. Designing by Cartier, the product distinguishes itself by the unique skills and excellence in design and execution. Nearly in 30 years, the extensive art activities are not competitive without the support by the Foundation Crtier decant lArt Contemporain (Richemont, 2013). With the development of brand reputation, Cartier is the synonym of modern art and a pioneering approach. Meanwhile, most of luxury brands come from the centre of Renaissance 2.3 The Features of Chinese Luxury Market Chinese market places the second place in the world of luxury consumption, surpassing the United States since 2008. Along with Japan, china is the strongest market with the increasing demand of 20 pctages. The consulting bill from Glob prefer estimate there are 18 thousand billionaires, 440 thousand multimillionaires and increasing the number of middle class achieving 250 million in 2015 in nowadayss China (Degen, 2009), which have the strong purchase power and need of luxury fashion industry.Even with the influence of the financial crisis, the sale revenue of luxury fashion in the mainland China rose by 16 percent, reaching near 64 billion RMB. The market interrogation about Chinese market laid a foundation for the development and expansion strategy of luxury brands. The shifting attitudes to luxury brands, the greater sophistication of Chinese consumers and the new geographic markets have become the main features of Chinese luxury market. The three characteristics drive the global strategy of development for luxury brands. Figure 2.According to the survey of McKinsey & Company (KPMG, 2013), with the rapidly increase of income, more and more Chinese consumers shifts the attitude to luxury and feel comfortable to purchasing luxury products. The rich consumers which income over 300,000 RMB continued occupy the majority of the luxury purchase. Meanwhile, the statistics show that, the upper middle class (between 100,000 RMB and 200,000 RMB), which account for 22% of luxury goods purchase by the end of 2015, as the Figure 2 suggested, offers the biggest new growth opportunity. 2. 3. 1 The increasing number of overseas travel.In the nurture era, Chinese consumers have become more sophisticated than before. With the surge in the number of luxury stores, fashion magazine, the Web official site and the use of well-disposed media, Chinese consumers familiar with the luxury brands with the help of earnings, overseas travel, and the first-hand experience. For example, the research result indicated that in the last 12 months, the Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macro and Europe become the main destinations of overseas luxury purchase. Figure 3 Where did you purchase your cosmetics in the last 12 months? (Resource from Global Reach of China Luxury of KPMG) pic 2. 3.2 The increase of new market segmentation The rapidly growth of urbanization and individual wealth emerge large quantity of geographic markets with hefty pools of luxury -goods consumptions. The luxury purchase and sale revenue of some medium and itty-bitty cities, such as Qingdao in Shandong province and Wuxi in Zhejiang province, tripled than the previous 5 years. In the side by side(p) years, the luxury consumption in these medium and miniature cities will achieve the same level with Hangzhou and Nanjing, the most developed market in mainland China, the sale of which will arrive at RMB 500 million yuan and account for 76% of whole market.2. 3. 3 The increasing of mold goods Love for luxury, preference for counterfeit is a unique phenomenon in luxury consumption in Chinese luxury market. According to a report entitled Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific from Office on Drugs and Crime, almost 70% of global counterfeits luxury goods come from China and the value of counterfeit luxury goods instanted into traditional luxury market on the order of $25 billion annually.In a confusion society , the luxury consumption of Chine se consumers become more irrationally than western consumer, which depended on the extenral need rather internal need (Zhang & Kim, 2013). For Chinese consumers, luxury brands are somethings must to have for them to reinforce their social status. however, the wealth gap between the rich and the poor in China is the largest all over the world, which offer the passion for consumption of luxury counterfeits. The young generation, aged 25 to 34 with limited cipher for tangible luxury fashion goods, racked up nearly a quarter fo fake fanciers.2. 4 The Passion for Luxury Consumption of Chinese consumers China is the second largest luxury market all over the world and attracting the heed of consumption of Chinese consumers. Under the influence of unique economic office, cultural background and social factor, the behaviour of Chinese consumers in luxury fashion market have the distinctive characteristics. The bling factor influenced by economic situation, the speech face affected by the Confucianism and multitude orientation as the social factor drive the luxury consumption in Chinese fashion market. 2.4. 1 The Bling Factor With the emerging of Internet, fashion magazines and social media, more and more Chinese consumers know the brands of luxury brands. However, the cultural concept and history of the luxury fashion brands are far away from numbers of Chinese luxury consumers. For many luxury fashion firms, there is not one normal luxury customer in China due to the distinct habits, different tastes and different income levels. The bling factor or following the whole market snub remains an crucial factor for the Chinese consumer in luxury fashion market.For example, according to luxury consumer report of Chinese market, almost 60 percent of the respondents in Tier 1 cities including Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Beijing, affect and other Tier 2 cities, stated that the key drivers for luxury consumption is the willingness to pay a product that just is habitual o r fashionable goods. Exclusivity or unique is an important understanding of luxury brand for Chinese consumption. There are about one fifth of customers canvas that they will pay the luxury goods that are kn possess and appreciated by the minority rather than the famous one.In terms of Chinas unique cultural background, the Chinese consumers consider luxury brand value influenced by Confucianism. In the concept of Confucian, the touch sensation of mianzi is defined as a reputation achieved through getting on in through success and ostentation. (Hu, 1944 Dong & Lee, 2007) The traditional cultural understanding and effecting about the face delivery becomes the strongest and most fulgent passion for luxury consumption, which means concerning about the impress to other and the optic display than the level of income.The Chinese consumer in luxury world cause to pay a premium product on the luxury brand rather than essential goods in daily life, due to strong zest and pressure o f maintaining face. Taking the finding of KPMG as the example, comparing with the apparel, the stronger growth of market for fashion accessories is considerable. Nearly 40% of luxury consumers enjoy the luxury experiences and the indemnify of luxury in a physical store/shop over purchases of luxury items.Overall, the face saving (saving mianzi) relates to the individual image of worth and reputation within a collectivism society. As the result, Chinese consumers are much careful not to lose face by standing out from the crowed when consuming luxury goods. The general strategy Although the market has its particular features, the development of luxury fashion strategy in Chinese luxury market is followed the general rules of luxury firms in global market. As the foundation strategy, the brand extension and production diversification alike provide the base of the development in Chinese luxury market.The apparel, handbag, jewellery, fashion accessories and luxury servicers are offere d in mainland China, especially in Tier 1 cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Promoting the sale revenue of the core products in mainland China, as the product strategy, enhances the brand cognisance in Chinese market. Expanding the influence, luxury fashion firms invest large amount of bullion to popularize the brand reputation as a simple of civilization and grandeur as well as the means of fashion and art. The marketing strategy raising brand awareness.Due to the lower brand awareness and inadequacy of knowledge of brand value, the royalty of brand in Chinese market is lower than its in traditional European market. The special situation provides a strong externally powerful tool, which means not only expand the value of the luxury brand into a regular root word of consumers, but likewise sway them making a purchase. In late year, luxury fashion firm invest increasing the number of budget into Chinese market not only promote the brand awareness, but also help the consumers inform a notion about luxury goods and luxury lifestyle and why they should purchase luxury goods and luxury services.The brand build-up develop based not only the advertising on life-threatening paper and television, also included the display on luxury goods collection and the customised publications. Nowadays, more and more luxury fashion goods expounding held in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities, which offer a good opportunity for Chinese consumers to predict the luxury goods frequently displayed in store. Meanwhile, more and more consumers visiting the exhibition are not an onlooker. The localisation strategyThe luxury fashion brand with high brand awareness contain the European and American burnish and value which is living standard of high level, the product and design of high quality. Those values accepted by and attract young generation who trend to, however, it is not accepted by all Chinese consumers who have their own value. Respecting to Chinese traditio nal culture and integrated it into the product value is the essential of luxury fashion business in China.For example, Louis Vuitton pose Du Juan, the one of top Chinese model all over the world, and advertising as the Chinese image step one right place on commissioning and help western luxury fashion companies overcome the cultural barriers. This kindhearted of strategy could build up strong attachments among Chinese consumers and help them accepted the unique characteristic of luxury fashion brands. The pricing strategy charge is one of the most significant signals in Chinese business world. For most Chinese consumers, value represented the value of luxury fashion goods.As a result, the luxury fashion products should not go on implication, no matter what the consumer is. The pricing strategy about goods, especially about core products, could bolster a brands prestige. For other items, companies could adjust the price according to the market condition and the inventory in ord er to semipermanent brand building. The sell strategy A stupendous store belongs to the luxury fashion company located in the luxury area build up a sense of important and place by the market.The luxury fashion positioning enhanced if the boutiques are visible to a lot of consumer in major fashion cities. The landmark stores opened in Chinese Tier 1 cities, such as Beijing, Hangzhou and Guangzhou, are the beaver locations to building the brand image and attracting the target customer groups. The commercial centres and shopping malls in luxury area are welcomed by most of fashion lovers, luxury followers and luxury intellectuals.Meanwhile, the investment on the landmark store is the best and effective way to pay profits and build-up brand royalty. In an Internet era, shopping online has become the major shopping way, especially for the young people. Although most luxury fashion companies have shied away from online channels due to the fearing that e-commerce world power reduce t he value of the luxury brand. However, for a long-term return and brand building, online platform provides not only a purchase channel, but also an information exchange channel between luxury fashion brand and Chinese consumers.With the developing of GDP and individual income of consumers, the global luxury fashion market and such the emerging market as China, have become the strategic focus of luxury market researcher and the consult company. This report attempts to identify development strategy of the luxury fashion brand, especially in mainland China market through the analysis of the change of global luxury fashion brand, over earn of Chinese luxury market and the passion for luxury consumption. all those factors were identified depend on a comprehensive review of luxury fashion goods related researches and market consulting reports. The findings of this study provide a new insight of global and Chinese luxury fashion market for the consumers who interests the luxury fashion bra nd and a clear strategy guide for market managers of the luxury fashion firms, particular in the time of the company expand their business in mainland China. In addition, the study helps reduce the risks and be of market research and helps the company overcome the huge gap in a multicultural business environment.First, the findings about the global luxury fashion market and the general development strategy in luxury fashion market all over the world indicated that the achieving the growth while remaining exclusive positioning, and attracting more consumers without losing cachet of brand value is the core strategy for every luxury corporates. The more loyal consumers may weaken due to the popular brands launched in the market because they choose pay a premium goods that majority and identified by small group.Consequently, the balance between growth and unique, the price and quality may be tougher in China than in any other market. However, customization develops quickly as the new t rend of luxury fashion industry. The customizing activities have launched in different business sectors, but which is yet choose by the luxury industry on a board. At presents, the customization just limited on the area of fashion accessories, apparel, handbags, and jewellery, and emphasising on customizing standard products, point of delivery customization and service and producing bespoke goods.Secondly, the increasing the number of consumers, overseas traveller, new market segments and the counterfeits goods have become the main features in the Chinese luxury fashion market in recent years. The features are important of striving the benefits of investment in mainland China. ground on the research findings, world(prenominal) marketers should set extension strategy that is coherent with branding, merchandising and global image by serving Chinas globetrotting shoppers, striking the balance between store numbers and quality and focusing anti-counterfeit goods.For Chinese globetr otting shoppers, the customer relationship management should emphasis global view rather than on mainland China. In the view of higher management board, the corporate transcriptional structure of the luxury fashion company should reflect the significant of Chinese market by sorting up the processes for generating direct communication between Chinese luxury consumers and the home headquarter. Based on the new market segmentation, the luxury company should upgrade watercourse stores and outlets in order to keep consistent with the global image and emphasis on the business in Tier 1 cities.As the market statistics indicated that the luxury counterfeit goods have become the barriers for development in China, including taking hold sale revenue and weakening brand value. Luxury fashion companies should co-operate with springer officials to seize fake goods at ports. Working with international national organisation or international associations should be the third path for anti-counter feit activities. The co-operation should ranges from such international associations as World Intellectual Property to regional groups like US-focused International Anti-Counterfeits Coalition.Thirdly, the research findings about the passions for Chinese luxury fashion consumption indicated that the bling customers who lack of knowledge about luxury fashion goods or just following the trend account of a part of Chinese luxury consumers. at any rate that, Chinese luxury consumption deeply influenced by saving faces and group orientation, which are the part of traditional Confusion value. Targeting different drivers of luxury consumption, managers should have different strategies.For the bling customers, the global luxury firms should invest in improving the brand awareness and expanding the brand value, which could offer a global opportunity to attracting probable customers and building loyalty and repeat customer groups. For the consumers who care about saving face, International luxury fashion markers should draw the outline of visual and outward-bound appearance of rank and status when unfolding their marketing activities. Meanwhile, the companies should emphasise the brands country of origin, so the Chinese consumers have the confident to identified and distinguished with other mass products.In addition, the package of luxury goods also need to be recognisable in order to fit the restrict and lifestyle associated with Chinese consumers. Furthermore, in light of the results about group orientation, the management board company should stress the profit of luxury fashion goods as a symbol of social marker and the sale assistants inspire consumer purchases because of the goods could generate a sense of group belonging and conformity of the elite. Due to the group belonging, a special caution should be given to the layout of the physical store and the luxury service of sale staff.No matter who is the consumer, friends will be involved during the decision mak ing process and become potential consumers in the future. Proving high-quality services and creating luxury experience for non-buyers also benefit for making sure that the brand accepted by group and that the consumer does not stand out from others. Finally, about the current expansion strategy in mainland China market, most of luxury fashion companies emphasis the strategy on marking, localization, pricing and retailing coherent with the global business aims.Raising brand awareness and expressing the luxury lifestyle lay the foundation of marketing strategy. In order to respect to Chinese traditional culture, luxury brands should integrate Chinese culture and art into design, package, and store layout of products, which accepted easily by Chinese consumers in different social class. Meanwhile, the research findings indicated that the price is the most important factor which influenced Chinese luxury consumption. Luxury marketers should balance the price between Chinese market and o verseas.As for the retailing strategy, the luxury brand stresses the developing of boutiques store and the setting up online distribution channels. However, there are several special attention should be given to price gap between China and overseas, and the online distribution channels. On one hand, comparing with that rarely go on send packing in mainland China, the luxury fashion goods is often at a discount at overseas, especially for the non-core products and in the time of Christmas or Summer Sale.On the other hand, the high rate of tax and fees raise up the price of luxury fashion goods in mainland China. According to the law and regulations in China, a luxury fashion goods, such as the eye cream of Estee extoller native to the UK, is imported into Chinese market with 10% import tariff, 30% consumption tax, 5% sales tax and 17% value-add tax. Including the managing fees, advertising costs and other issues, the price of the eye cream is double in the UK.In the respect of the luxury company, the appreciate discount in Chinese market could promote the desire of consumption and boost the sale revenue in the respect of tax policy makers in mainland China, reducing the rate of import tariff and consumption tax of international luxury fashion goods could Finally, luxury fashion goods, as a subject of nature, play different or scenarios, different income level, education background, and social economic factors, as well as exam the type of relationship that seek from luxury fashion brands.On the view of passions for luxury consumption, there are many other drivers, such as collection, appreciation, should take the consideration into further research.

Substance Abuse: It’s affect on Individuals, Family, Friends, and Society

The purpose of this essay is to shed light on perfume ab make drill of and its effect on individuals, family, fri differences, and parliamentary right. This study examined reliable entropy regarding substance misapply, the effects it has on individuals, families, friends, and society. Included excessively be the take a chance and dangers associated with nut cases, and the problems associated with the medicine trafficking industry worldwide. Treatment programs atomic number 18 purchasable and shadow be beneficial to the individual as well as society. The preliminary results entrust level how substance plague light upons alone raft, businesses, and organizations involved.The conclusion empennage in any case be drawn that substance vilification and its effects argon problems that, if tough properly, and the correct tactics are employ in compulsory its supply, coffin nail be man eldd to both(prenominal) extent. eye shout out effects non solely the somebody abusing medicines but too family, friends, and society as a whole. The cost associated with substance ab drug contumely is astonishing these be include medical care, address cost, the cost of negotiatement, court proceedings, and costs associated with crimes involving doses. Prisons are overcrowded and the battle to constrain immoral medicines out of the prison system continues.The problems associated with substance misapply are not merely in the join States but Worldwide. New programs and tactics to treat and fight substance abuse have to be implemented to keep up with the ever changing drug industry. Individuals who abuse tobacco or other addictive drugs are at a higher peril illness, injuries, imprisonment, and finis. some(a) of the health lucks associated with substance abuse include dependency, impairments to brain function, cancers, STDs, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, withdrawals, depression, seizures, haver, lung, and kidney problems, death, and nume rous others (Health Risks Associated with Alcohol and do drugss, n.d. ).The brain can suffer many affects from substance abuse, from dependency, mild anxiety and depression, to extensive manic and other psychopathologic responses. Severe withdrawal symptoms from physiological depressants such as alcohol and benzodiazepines are hyperactivity, elevated blood pressure, agitation and anxiety (Center for perfume disgust Treatment, 2005). later withdrawing from stimulants a person will feel depressed, tired, and withdrawn. Any substance taken in very(prenominal) large quantities over a long plenteous period can lead to a psychotic pass on (Center for Substance abuse Treatment, 2005).Cancer is another health problem associated with substance abuse. Intravenous drug use, unprotected sex, and heavy drinking can cause liver damage and result in cirrhosis and cancer of the liver. maladys such as hepatitis C can be contributed to unprotected sex and endovenous drug use sometimes lea ding to liver diseases. agree to the United Nations Office on medicines and Crime (UNODC) (2013) estimates that, in 2011 a total of 14. 0 jillion pot give uped drugs worldwide, which corresponds to 0. 31 percent of the population aged 15 64 (Extent of health consequences of drug use injecting drug use.para 1. ).People infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are high among intravenous drug users. The UNODC (2013) estimates that the global prevalence of HCV among deal who inject drugs is 51. 0 percent, meaning that 7. 2 one thousand thousand people who inject drugs were life history with HCV in 2011 (human immunodeficiency virus among people who inject drugs. para. 2) HIV/AIDS and STDs are green among drug users and be spread through unprotected sex and intravenous drug use, which is a behavior known to be associated with substance abusers. UNODC (2013) estimates that of the 14.0 one thousand million people who inject drugs, 1. 6 million are sustenance with HIV that repr esents a global prevalence of HIV of 11. 5 percent among people who inject drugs (HIV among people who inject drugs. para. 1).Premature death due to drug drug has been on the rise. harmonise to the Center for Disease envision (CDC), (2013), in 2010, 30,006 (78%) of the 38,329 drug overdose deaths in the United States were unintentional, 5,298 (14%) of suicidal intent, and 2,963 (8%) were of undetermined intent (The Problem, para. 3).The statistics show that men are more than likely to die than women and that American Indians/Alaska Natives had the highest death rate, followed by whites and then blacks the highest death rates among people 45-49 familys of age and the lowest rates among children less than 15 socio-economic classs of age (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013, Risk Factors for medicate Overdose). Drugs are now to blame for more deaths than motor vehicle accidents, for the first time (ABC risings). harmonise to The theme Institute on Drug Abuse (2013), an estimated 10.3 million people aged 12 or older compositioned driving under the influence of illicit drugs during the year prior to the survey (How Many People Take Drugs and Drive). Drugs alike run away a major role in traffic accidents According to wisdom Daily, between 1998 and 2009, there were more than 44,000 fatally injured drivers with drug-test information iodin quarter of whom tested positive for drugs(Deadly Drugged Driving Drug use tied to fatal car crashes, 2011, para. 11). According to MADD (n. d), over 1. 2 million drivers were arrested in 2011 for driving under the influence of alcohol or narcotics (Statistics, para.2).Death of a loved one affects the family members and friends, not only emotionally but also financially. There are very few states that offer assistance in funerals and those that do only pay a small amount (Funeral morals Organization, 2012). Substance abuse can affect families in many ways. Children of parents who abuse drugs are at a higher r isk of child abuse and of be born prematurely, low birth weights, and other problems which occur at birth.According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (n. d.), there may be as many as 45,000 cocaine-exposed babies born per year (Magnitude colony Affects Everyone Prenatal. ). Women who smoke during pregnancy deliver babies that have a note amount birth rate than those of women who do not (NIDA). The risk to children in homes where the parents fashion drugs is even greater. Approximately 50% to 80% of all child abuse and neglect cases substantiated by child protected services involve some degree of substance abuse by the childs parents, harmonise to National Institute on Drug Abuse Magnitude (Addiction Affects Us All Child Abuse).The emotional and financial burdens of spirit with a person who has a substance abuse problem can be overwhelming. Some of the other effects include the risk of HIV, increased risk of substance abuse in children born to addicted mothers, conduct problems in children lifetime in homes where there is substance abuse present, marital problems, emotional and somatogenetic abuse, and legal problems (Substance Abuse Affects Families, n. d. ).Many times children born to or living in homes where the parents have a substance abuse problem, the children will end up in foster care. According to American Humane Association, the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at capital of South Carolina University, by the American Humane Organization estimates in a 2005 report states that substance abuse is a factor in at least(prenominal) 70 percent of all reported cases of child mal intercession (Parental Substance Abuse Can Lead to Child Abuse and Neglect).The number of children living in foster care is a financial burden to society as a whole. Society is affected by substance abuse in a number of ways including increased crime rates, lower property rates in drug infested areas, and financial burdens to federal, state, and loc al governments, and taxpayers. According to the Drug War Facts Organization (1998-2013), of the 1,552,432 arrests for drug law violations in 2012, 82.2% (1,276,099) were for self-command of a controlled substance, and 276,333 were for the sale or manufacturing of a drug ( introductory Data, para. 1).This along with stricter sentencing policies has caused an overcrowding of jails and prisons. not only are the jails and prisons filled with people convicted of drug possession, sales, and manufacturing, but they also consist of people convicted of crimes committed to hold up their habits (Drug War Facts Organization Basic Data, section 6).The annual costs per federal inmate according to The urban Organization (2012), are $21,006 for minimum certification, $25,378 for low security, $26,247 for medium security, and $33,930 for high security (Prison is expensive) According to the Vera Institute of Justice,(2012), among the 40 states surveyed, representing more than 1. 2 million inmates (of 1. 4 million total people incarcerated in all 50 states prison systems), the total per-inmate costs averaged $31,286 annually(Total Taxpayer Cost Per Inmate, p. 8, para 1).There are also state and federal costs associated with training within the federal and state law enforcement agencies and prisons. Methamphetamine labs not only put the safety of citizens at risk but they also cost the state, federal, and local government as well as the taxpayers a considerable amount of money. People who live near these labs, law enforcement personnel, and emergency responders are all at risk of being seriously injured or killed. Law enforcement means and allocated expenditures are strained because of the costs associated with disposing of and cleaning up of methamphetamine labs.According to the National Drug experience Center, the average cost to clean up a methamphetamine production laboratory is $1,900 inclined that an average of 9,777 lab seizures were reported to NCLSS all(prenominal) year between 2002 and 2004, the economic impact is obvious (The Impact of Drugs on Society, para. 6). There was also additional training needed for dealing with these labs which was not only an added financial burden but increased workloads (National Drug Intelligence Center The Impact of Drugs on Society, para. 6).The burden matte within the law enforcement system is not the only industry that has been affected by drug use. As of 2009, nearly drug users aged 18 and over, were employed and admitted to having used drugs while employed. The turnover and absenteeism, according to the Office of National Drug Control Policy (n. d), from 2002 to 2004, full-time role players aged 18-64 who reported current illicit drug use were more than twice as likely as those inform no current illicit drug use to report they had worked for tierce or more employers in the past year(Turnover and Absenteeism).Current drug users were also more likely to miss more days of work. According to United Nati ons Office on Drugs and Crime (1998), estimates by the United States Department of labor in the mid1990s suggest that drug use in the workplace may cost American business and industry between $75 zillion and $100 billion annually in lost time, accidents and higher health-care and workers compensation costs (Economic consequences of drug abuse and trafficking, p. 17, para. 3). School action is lower for drug users than for non-drug users according to the whitehouse. gov website.The fight against drug abuse is not only in the workforce, schools, and society in the United States, but worldwide. According to Stein (2012), an author for the Los Angeles Times, in one article out of a series of articles they are doing on addiction states that about 200 million people around the world use illegal drugs every year (Stein, 2012). The study contained information regarding four drug categories opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana. The rates of drug users are higher in developed coun tries. Social factors and the accessibility of drugs also affect the rates.Drug use fell behind tobacco and alcohol use in mortality rates, but when considering the lost years of life drugs rated higher at 2. 1 million, according to Stein (Stein, 2012). Drug trafficking is another problem felt worldwide according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), given the large quantities of licit substances that make their way across oceans and continents every day, in containers and even small boats, maritime trafficking poses a particularly knotty take exception for the government activity(Executive Summary Maritime trafficking poses repugn to authorities, para.1).Maritime seizures are usually larger than those seizures of trafficking by road or air (Executive Summary Maritime trafficking poses challenge to authorities, para. 3). New trafficking routes are being looked for as the old ones are being discovered, causing the authorities to have to step up their efforts in controlling the drug trafficking industry. New drugs are being created daily to not only meet with the demand for them but to help traffickers avoid detection. With this increase of new drugs the number of new narcotics under international control had be increased.With all the drugs and the drug abuse in the United States as well as around the world the need for intervention programs and tactics to fight drug abuse is on the rise. There are five primary manipulation models that professional in the field of substance abuse can use psychoeducational models are used in educating patients about substance abuse, colligate behaviors and their consequences skills outgrowth groups basically try to teach individuals the skills they will need to maintain a drug free lifestyle. cognitive-behavioral groups are designed to change the clients thinking patterns support groups help reinforce the clients efforts regarding their thinking and emotions and help them develop better interpersonal sk ills while in recovery.There are also relapse prevention intercession groups, communal and culturally specific handling groups, and expressive groups (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Group Therapy, 2005). One or all of these types groups may be used in the treatment of substance abuse and in various settings.There are different types of substance abuse facilities usable for the treatment of addiction. Facilities operated by private, nonprofit organizations account for 58% of treatment facilities. Private, for-profit facilities (29%), and the remaining facilities are operated by local governments (6 percent), state governments (3 percent), Federal Government (2 percent), and tribal governments (1 percent) (Substance abuse treatment facilities New data, 2010 Major Findings, para. 1).Programs are also being made available in jails and prisons to help reduce the number of returnees to the prison system. Substance abuse treatments vary in price but can be very expensive although it is believed that the benefits outweigh the costs. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (2012) states that, according to several conservative estimates, every dollar invested in addiction treatment programs yields a return of between $4 and $7 in reduced drug-related crime, criminal justice costs, and theft (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012 Is drug addiction treatment worth its cost?, para. 2).When healthcare savings are figured in to that savings it can exceed costs by a 12 to 1 ratio, so while the costs may seem great the benefits can be even greater. Family and friends can help addicts find treatment and resources to help pay for the treatment as well as being supportive while they are in treatment (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012 Is drug addiction treatment worth its cost? ) There are several websites that are available to help obtain the information needed to locate the right treatment facility.The effectiveness of treatment varies depending on the individual and the treatment facility and type. According to NIH, research that tracks individuals in treatment over an extended periods, most people who get into and remain in treatment stop using drugs, fall their criminal activity, and improve their occupational, social, and psychological functioning(National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012 How effective is drug addiction treatment? , para 1). Substance abuse affects individuals, family members, friends, and society as a whole.There are astonishing costs related to drug abuse, crimes committed related to drug use and producing drugs, and the cost associated with authorities who fight against drugs. The jails and prisons are overcrowded and the staffs are overworked. Substance abuse is not a problem associated with just the Unites States, but worldwide. There are treatment options and facilities available, although they can be costly. However, statistics show that the benefits far outweigh the costs in most cases.

Philippine Rice Farmers Socioeconomic Status Essay

strain farmers socioeconomic stipulation better when they venture into other businesses. The economic and genial status of Filipino sieve farmers and their families has steadily improved during the last decade, non because they depended on sift, but because they ventured into other activities that supplemented their income from rice. This was generaten by a con conducted by the Socioeconomics Division of the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice). The larn group, direct by Divina Gracia Vergara, focused on trends transpiring in rice-based farm home plates and rice lands, and among farmer operators in 33 provinces for the last 10 years. This intensive study captures the farmers image from 1996 to 2007, Vergara said. The study shows that the rice-based farm household income is change magnitude, as gross household income went up from P68,974.85 in 1996-97 to P127,799.95 in 2006-07. The finding is overly consistent with the turn up showing that almost 60 percent of the households be above exiguity level (57 percent) in the 2006-07 period. Furtherto a greater extent, the share of nonfarming activities as a source of income had steadily been increasing, as the study found that rice and rice-based farmers are now enmeshed in other businesses, such as rubber production, wood craft, join and work overseas. This finding implies an important question. The question in the long cast will be about the presence of household members who are impulsive to pursue rice farming in the future or dependency of rice-farm households on hired labor for the management of their farms, Vergara said. Aside from improving the status of rice-based households and increasing their income, Vergara excessively learned that the number of farmers owning rice land had been increasing by 10 percent for the last 10 years. Moreover, there is also an step-up in farmers yields regardless of season from 3.30 ton per hectare (t/ha) to 3.72 t/ha during the wet season, and 3.37 t/ha to 3.94 t/ha during the dry season. crosswise three survey rounds, most villages are located in irrigated areas, and results show that irrigation is expanding from 60 percent to 66 percent.The current trend revealed by the study also suggests that highly educated persons are venturing into rice farming, although the majority is modestly educated or with elementary education only. There is a 2-percent increase in the number of farmers with at least a college education venturing into rice farming. In terms of organizing farmers, however, results show that more than 50 percent of the respondents are not affiliated with rice or rice-based organizations. Most of them subscribe to not also undergone training since 2004. Noting that half of the farmer-respondents have been farming for 20 years, Vergara also said farmers households are benefiting from the technologies and services that are being provided by the government. contempt the interventions, however, average yields gained du ring the dry and wet seasons are still below the experimental and on-farm trial yields of 7-9 t/ha. Gaining insight from the study, Vergara and her coauthors recommended that training should be sustained to unendingly update farmers skills and knowledge. She also stressed the need for the government to encourage farmers to material body or join organizations as through organization, farmers can pool resources and have easier access to government incentives. She also suggested the expansion of irrigation areas, as this creates a more favorable environment for rice farming in particular and farming in general. To attract more people to be involved in rice production, Vergara proposed that technologies lessening the drudgery of rice farming should continually be developed. It is important that the government continue to monitor the rice-based farm household to unsex or approximate the impact of their interventions. This will also give them decent knowledge on the direction of the policies that they would formulate to improve the countryside, Vergara said.

Juno film Essay

JunoThe use up I conduct chosen for this paper is the drama-comedy Juno directed by Jason Reirman. It is a domestic comedy with uncontrolled elements. In the pullulate, you go ab appear to follow Juno MacGuff, a 16-years-old girl, as her life changes when she finds verboten that she is pregnant. Its a realistic demand told from Junos point of view. The film touches several contr all everywheresial, populist themes, but manages to do so without organism clich. The near about obvious being the teen pregnancy, but other(a) subject fields such as the curiosity of sex among teenagers, the constant inquiring of whether abortion is okay or non comes a retentive with it. A big part of the film takes hindquarters in Junos home, which is typical for a domestic comedy. The important darn of the movie touches themes common to family life.There is the modern family core with stepmothers and half-siblings, the complicity in being a teenager as well as raising unrivaled. The muc h or less ordinary family life is displayed with a lot of humor. The questioning of stereotypes and prejudices play a big role in this film, as do contrasts. Instead of the cheerleader getting pregnant with the quarterback, as umteen would expect, it is the tomboy and the geeky moon-curser who end up in that situation. As most teens portrayed in films, Juno has a close girlfriend. The odd thing in this case is that it is not a girl conside rose-cheeked stranger than Juno herself in terms of norms, it is the cheerleader. In many other of these teen films, usu solelyy the cheerleader bugs the odd girl, as for usage in Mean Girls. The most prominent contrast in the film is the home of the MacGuffs VS. the home of the adoptive p arnts place and Vanessa Loring. The 2 homes be align the likes of twain distinct worlds. In the MacGuff house, it follow by means ofs like it is insufferable to have too many lamps, ornamental dogs or photo frames.The tint scale goes in earthy bro wnish t iodines. Meanwhile, the Loring house does not seem to ever be perfect enough. As Vanessa and Mark atomic number 18 introduced to the story, Vanessa is putting the photo frames in order and arranging the flowers until they atomic number 18 perfect. The dominant alter in the Loring house be clean silver colors as beige and white. The houses become symbolic representations for how different the two families are. The easygoing, untidy MacGuffs, and the up miserly, stiff Lorings. For the opening scene of the film, there is a long apoplexy of Juno standing in front of an armcfuzz. The armchair is going to be a symbol doneout the movie. The tv television photographic camera ejects to a close up of Junos face and her exhaust eyes staring at the chair, delivering a mental object of frustration and hopelessness.She has a monolog where she tells the viewer about the chair, that it was in a chair everything started, where she got pregnant. A film inside the film of Junos mem ories from that moment is shown for the viewer. A dog barks and the camera makes a quick cut back to reality, Juno and the chair. She leaves the chair behind and the camera follows her as she goes to the local corner shop to get a pregnancy test, the tercet for the day. She is dressed in a red oaf and blue jeans, the red symbolizes her strong, colorful personality. Red is as well a symbol for life and vitality, a color symbolism very suitable for the scene. She takes the pregnancy test in the stores narrow restroom, which has a dim low-key comening. The linguistic context reinforces the whole step of Juno being painted into a corner. As she takes the test, the camera cuts amidst close-ups of Junos legs as she sits down, the pregnancy test and her face. These close-ups make the relationship between Juno and the viewer intimate and one gets to feel sympathy for her. It is important to vertebral column the sympathy for Juno in the beginning of the film since the viewer will get to follow her during her journey. Juno leaves the store and walks home, the camera follows her from behind. Darkness has fallen and Juno has put the hood over her head as a commission to alienate herself from the meet world. As she walks, a group of guys from her school comes running towards her.They are out of focus and run by her on both sides, creating like a tunnel for Juno to walk through. To me the runners are a metaphor for the thoughts running through Junos head and the difficult repressed situation in which she has end up. Juno is portrayed as a stubborn, cocky girl who takes her own way in life. She has dark hair that she wears in a ponytail and her turn are far from what typically are considered girl clothes. She wears loose fitted jeans, t-shirts, pullovers and hoods. Her better(p) friend, Leah, on the other hand is a cheerleader with long blond hair who dresses in skirts and is much of a girly-girl. As the Leah is introduced to the audience, the contrasting persona lities between the two friends are shown trough the mise-en-scene. When Juno calls Leah to tell her about the pregnancy, the camera cuts between the two girls and their bedrooms. Junos room has a shoebox feeling to it. There are photos of her friends, posters and different paintings all over the walls as well as the ceiling. She has plectrums laying all over her desk and a miniature electric guitar that gives away her interest for music. The dominating colors are earthy tones of brown, red and orange.Leahs room on the other hand is dominated by light colors such as pink, white, yellow and dim blue. She has stuffed animals on a shelf and big windows with thin, light curtains. Juno decides that the way to tell the bungles father, Bleeker, about the pregnancy is to set up a living room setting in his universal gravitational constant where she base break the news. When darkness falls, Leah is helping to move everything that is needed. They help for each one other to lift a heal thy armchair into the trunk of Junos car. In this scene, the armchair is a symbol for the pregnancy, something that only the girls know of so far. It is still a complex, heavy secret kept in the dark, just like the chair. Reirman uses color determine in a b avenue way through the film, especially when it comes to the characters clothes. In the loading of the armchair scene, Juno wears a red hood while Leah wears a blue. This steeplights the different personalities of the two young girls even more. As the pregnancy progresses the color of Junos clothes changes from the bright red hood to earthier, duller colors in green and brown shades.This color change reinforces Junos situation and the effect the pregnancy has on her life. some other example of color value being utilise is when Vanessa gets to see her son for the first time. She is then wearing a yellow sweater, typify the joy she feels after finally becoming a mother. A line she feels she has been born to. During a visit to the prospective adoptive parents Juno finds out that Mark is going to divorce Vanessa, sad and frustrated she heads back home. The camera is blastoff from the backseat as Juno is driving she is placed to the left of the frame and the long, empty road ahead of her to the right. This creates a movement from left to right, giving the viewer a feeling of optimism and that everything will work out for the best. The camera cuts to a panning accident as Juno parks the car by the side of the road. A cut to a low angle is made, showing a close up of Juno as she cries. The gray seat, ceiling and the steering wheel creates a tight frame around Juno.There is a claustrophobic feeling through the setting, which emphasizes the fragile state Juno finds herself in. Juno decides that if Vanessa is still willing to be a mom, Juno is willing to give her the baby. The majority of the film is shot in high key lightning, typical for comedy movies. This goes for the scene at the hospital when the baby is born as well. However, in the next scene this will change. The camera shows a close up of Mr. MacGuff as he pats the head of his fille who just gave birth. The lightning has gotten softer, giving the yellow color of the walls a warm soothing glow. There is calm and a balance over the scene, giving the feeling that everything is going to be okay from now on. The camera then cuts to a shot from Junos point of view showing Bleeker standing in the entrance opening. The walls behind Bleeker are blue and contrasting to the goldish colors in Junos hospital room.The colors and the separating walls become a metaphor for the cold reality Bleeker is just coming from, and the warm future that he is about to step into with Juno. A reality more suitable for two 16-year-old kids, where they do not have to be parents. Juno is a realistic film anchored in reality, there are several references to modern culture to underline this. Films and hobbits are mentioned, but the main thing is the mu sic. Music is a big part of Junos life and her personality. It also becomes a key element when Juno and Mark are bounding. They burn CDs to each other and discuss music by transonic Youth, Iggy Pop and Patti Smith among others. To convey that the film is told from Junos point of view, Reirman uses her voice over as rapid cuts are made of what she is talking about. This technique is used when Juno introduces her family. As she talks about her mother, who is living in Arizona, the camera cuts to long shot of a desert house in the middle of a beige field. The tone of Junos voice says that the mothers absence does not bother her that much, as to the dullness of the colors in the shot.The camera then cuts to extreme close-ups of the smiles of her mothers new family, the husband and their tierce replacement kids. To show the viewer that the mother has been out of the picture for a long time the camera cuts to a close up of legion(predicate) cactuses in a window. Junos voice over is exp laining that her mother sends her one cactus every valentines day. In Juno, the mise-en-scene is frequently used to strengthen the message of the film. By using color values, lightning keys and symbolism Reirman captures the contrasts of the story. I do not know if I would call Juno my favorite film, but it is definitely one of my favorite feel-good films. No matter what mood I am in, I always feel much happier and more positive after observation this film. I love the sarcasm in the film and I can see much of myself when I was 16 in Juno. I like how the film takes up such a controversial and taboo topic with as much humor as it does. To me it makes the film appealing alternatively of feeling as a moral message to teenagers.