America history since 1865 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

America history since 1865 - Essay Example by and by the Civil Rights Movement, all practices that discriminated the negro that include laws, norms (giving up a seat to a white), segregation was stop and paved the way for policies that elevated the Negro to have more place in American companionship such as the Affirmative Action Policy. Today, United States has now an Afro American professorship to the person of President Obama which would not have been possible without the Civil Rights Movement. II. Growth of governance and state power The tonic compete was a government program of action by President Roosevelt to address the Great Depression when he assumed office as a President of the United States on March 4, 1933 I desire is the most important aspect of governments growth and state power. The New Deal lift the United States economy from the shambles of the Great Depression to become an stinting superpower after the imprimatur World War. President Roosevelts New Deal invo lved a series of economic programs center on Relief, Recovery and Reform of the economy not only to address the Great Depression merely also to avoid the repetition of the selfsame(prenominal). Among the programs of his new deal was the obtained permission to reopen most banks and provided grants to citizens. He instituted government initiated work programs to generate employment by means of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) programs. President Roosevelt also inwardness primed the economy with the widespread public spending on infrastructure by constructing roads, buildings, dams and similar projects through his Public Works Administration (PWA) which provided not only jobs but income in the system. He also enlisted spring chicken men in the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to work on conservation projects. President Roosevelts New Deal was to elevate both income and prices which dropped during the depression. When Second World War came in 1941, President Roosevelt shif ted his anxiety to foreign policy to address the war. The war proved to be good for the US economy because the capacious spending to build war machines double the countrys Gross National Product or GNP and reduced unemployment rate from 14% to less than 2%. III. United States Foreign Affairs I would like to discuss the immigrants in the Chesapeake and New England as Americas early experience in Foreign Affairs because these migrations in 16th and 17th century helped shape the kind of country that she is today. In between 16th and 17th century, immigrants from England settled into the eastern coast of the colonized New World which was accordingly known as America. These groups settled into two regions which were the Chesapeake and New England areas. Chesapeake included Virginia, Maryland, New Jerseys (East and West), Pennsylvania and Jamestown while New England composed of included Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Haven. While these immigrants came from the same country and spoke the same tongue, they proved to become different kind of people when they settled into these regions of America. Settlers in Chesapeake came into America mainly for economic reason while immigrants in the New England settled in America to escape the religious persecution okay in England. Those who went to Chesapeake were into finding riches while those who settled in New England hoped to have religious granting immunity which they did not have back in England. Having different reason and motivation

Nursing personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing - Personal instruction ExampleWith time, I developed a need and desire to refocus my complainter goals to become an complete psychiatric mental nurse practitioner with a command in this particular area of nursing. In order for me to actualize my career goals and professional development, I realized there was a need to change magnitude the depth, and scope of my knowledge, skills and screw in this particular field. This would enable me to conform to the current standards of delivering persevering centered care with integration of evidence based practice and clinical look in order to optimize patient care outcomes. In order for me to achieve my goal, I have to enroll for a master peak in PMHNP (Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner) that would increase my knowledge and hands on skills in this ad hoc field of nursing practice. In particular, this program offers me the necessary biopsychopharmacotherapeutic knowledge and skills that will enable me to function hea d as a PMHN (Psychiatric Mental health Nurse) with regard to diagnosing various psychiatric disorders, managing of various mind-blowing medication, and promoting the health of the psychiatric mental health patient. ... I have the necessary experience which is a obligatory for admission to the MSN PMHN program. During my work as a nurse both in the hospital and in the cornerstone care, I interacted with patients with psychiatric disorders and actively participated in their treatment and management plans. In particular, I was part of a team that handled psychiatric cases. I personally participated in the physical assessment of the patients and the process of diagnosing the disorders. My corporation in the diagnosis process included participating in many of the tests performed to aid the diagnosis. I participated in designing of their treatment plan and its implementation. I also participated in the development of long term alleviant care plans for most of the patients with psychi atric disorders. I monitored their progress and response to treatment (both pharmacological and psychotherapy). Apart from the experience that I gained by directly working with patients with psychiatric disorders, I also worked with patients with other disease conditions. In the process, I gained valuable experience needed by the practicing nurse in a clinical setting. I have experience in using handoff communication tools like I pass the baton and SBAR. These tools get out a standard mechanism for communication between nursing personnel and account for a king-sized percent in reduction of medical errors. I also have developed critical skills and experience in using standard research methods within a clinical setting to obtain pertinent and up to date information with regards to essential guidelines that are to be observed while handling a continuum of medical conditions presented b patients. I have acquired skills that enable me to apply evidence based practice to ontogenesis me aningful and practical

Climate Change Displacing People and Animals Research Paper

Climate Change Displacing nation and Animals - Research Paper ExampleStudies that were previously conducted posit to the effect that the pheno menon of temper change groundwork be mainly attributed to the activities of a human kind which immensely contribute to the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. thither remains confusion with regards to universal policies that can be implemented in order to check that the activities of men are under control such that they do not wantonly continue damaging the climate (Makombe 1993). It can thus be noted that the issues of climate change have become topical in many societies during the contemporary period, but there is need to generate more knowledge about the major effects and causes of climate changes such as global warming.A holistic approach has to be taken in an attempt to combat this threat to the climate. In essence, there is a need to recognize that preservation of the environment and development are both necessary to human life and are also interdependent. It can be seen from this argument that conservation of the environment cannot ignore the needs of the human beings while development projects by human beings that ignore the limits of the environment will be doomed (Gore 2006). There is a need to piddle a fine balance between the activities of human beings and the need to maintain a safe environment. such a holistic approach may be difficult to attain but it is necessary as far as minimizing the negative impacts of human activities on climate are concerned.This paper, therefore, seeks to critically analyze the model of climate change and its impact on the welfare of the people. The paper will begin by reviewing the print literature that is related to the topic area. The bulk of the reviewed literature will be centered on the belief of global warming which is central to the phenomenon of climate change.

The Power of Judicial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Power of juridic - Essay ExampleJudicial surveil refers to the authority of a court (the Supreme Court or its lower courts) to examine either an executive or legislative act whether it is lawful (constitutional) or not if not, then the court decl ares such act as il heavy and invalidates the said act as having no legal effect. It is a well-established legal doctrine by practice but it has not been adequately settled as an issue. There are two prevailing opinions on the supposed power of judicial review by the Supreme Court. The firstly view is that no such explicit powers had been granted or contemplated by the Founding Fathers since nowhere in the Constitution was such powers of judicial review clearly stipulated. The second and opposing view is that the Founding Fathers had think to grant such powers of review but may have inadvertently omitted it by oversight or by mistake only. Opponents of judicial review cite Section II, Article III of the Constitution as not saying a power to review had been granted since what this section contains is merely a credit entry of judicial power (but not judicial review powers) while its advocates cite legal precedence in this regard. It had been decided when this issue came up in Marbury v. Madison (1803) when the U.S. Supreme Court for the very first period declared an act of Congress as unconstitutional. This act is declared illegal, hence this implies the power of judicial review by the Supreme Court. However, advocates of judicial review most often cite the article by black lovage Hamiltonin the Federalist (Paper No. 78) as the ultimate guide whether the Founding Fathers intended for a judicial review.

One Dark Night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

One Dark Night - Essay typefaceught intimately this many a time, but he unceasingly gently explained to be that he was still this way because he cared so much about me, and wanted to take away e genuinelything perfect for me. Somehow, he evermore managed to convince me, either by sweet-talking me or by some sort of romantic gesture. And I eternally fell for it.Back at the time, I believe I knew in the substantiate of my mind I was unhappy, but I wasnt willing to admit it even to myself. My appearance and behaviour did not give me away- I was always perceived as the perfect wife who mastered everything from cooking to doing the house chores and everything else (my husband also told me I was not too shabby between the sheets). I was constantly being flattered about the house, the food I prepared for our friends and often to my husbands business partners, and it was not uncommon for other manpower to stare at me and compliment me on my looks, sometimes in inappropriate ways I sort of enjoyed. Of course, my husbands reaction would always come shortly thereafter. He would always make sure that everyone knew that Im his wife, and always did it aggressively, telling the man who flattered me to back off because I am his. This was sometimes followed by a push or a shove. This seemed very bizarre to me, since my husband was anything but violence. I dismissed it by saying to myself that he loves me so much, that he would do anything to protect me, even if Im not in danger. And I also rationalized it by saying that his masculine ego wont stand it if another man came on to his wife. In that way, I thought to myself, men arent any different than they were when mankind began. The male is always the dominant one, and doesnt let other men invite to close to his wife. Thats why he marks her as his territory and guards her well. If only I knew beforehand how mature I wasBut my husbands behaviour did not stop there. As a part of his wanting to make everything perfect (or in other words- exactly as he wants it), he would always criticize me about

History and Political Science and Why United States Was Able to Defeat Research Paper

History and Political Science and Why United States Was Able to Defeat England - query Paper ExampleThey were also familiar with the territory and local resource of labor and food. Americans also comprehend this war as the second war of impendence and fought with enthusiasm. In addition, many Americans believed that England sought to humiliate them as a sovereign country. American land forces had improved in both quality and leadership. There was a renewed sense of nationhood and urge to avenge indignities suffered by Americans (Newman 23-31).The article of Confederation was a form of confederation of thirteen independent states and bases of America Constitution. The weaknesses were lack of power by the states to collect taxes, trade regulation was denied to states, the rectitude needed nine of thirteen states for approval, no executive branch, lack of national court system, and amendments could only be done if all members agreed. The greatest advantage of this confederation was that it allowed for the fair development of land to the west of Appalachians. Secondly, it light-emitting diode to the signing of the peace treaty with Great Britain. Thirdly, it led to the expansion of United States territory from Atlantic to multiple sclerosis river, set up the department of foreign affairs and finally it led to states honoring legal acts of the states (Merrill 134-56).An abbreviation of this clause all points to the framers intention to deny that it neither prohibited nor allowed slave trade. The clause refers to other scotch or social class but does not refer slave as an economic class. However, the location of seats in Congress and number of batch to be taxed although only three-fifths led to slaves being considered as human beings. It also led to return of fugitives slaves (Boyd 9- 21).Immediately after revolution abolition was conceived, it did not occur until the civil war. Abolition began as an elite group although religious leader was involved. It beg an as an appeal to people of colors especially the blacks and women. It led to unease over the legitimacy ofslavery.

Interview Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview Reflection - stress Ex immenseAs a teacher, I am no longer a mere instructor. I am also a counselor to the students who will help them become well-rounded individuals of society.A nonher cardinal point which struck me in the interview is the realization that a teachers job is neer easy. A teacher is challenged by the differences of his students. He will have to adjust his teaching style especially if he has students with special needs. He must be able to attend to the average kids and yet not neglect the needs of the special children. It is not easy because the teacher has to modify his teaching style to consultation the special concerns and be fair to all his students in class.The knowledge of content is very essential in my role as a teacher. Before I teach the subject, I must have ample time to prepare. I must be really knowledgeable on the subject matter so as not to misinform my students. Regular meetings with other teachers who teach the alike(p) subject in the s ame grade level is necessary to have a standardized lesson plan. It also doubles up as a support group for us teachers. Any problems which we encounter can be better unconquerable if we have discussion forums.The knowledge of the role of a school is something which every teacher must confide in mind. As teachers, we should realize that a school is an important institution of society. It is in the school where a child is prepared for their future roles in society. It is the institution which lays the foundation which the child needs to be a responsible citizen of the country. As such, the government should allot a huge budget in the improvement of the educational system of the nation. The school must be able to provide the students with updated textbooks and educational materials through the appropriate living from the government. If the government fails to give ample funds to schools, they cannot expect the schools to produce students who are at par with the

Quality Management and Continuous Improvement Uni 5 DB SA Second Week Essay

Quality Management and Continuous Improvement Uni 5 DB SA Second Week - Essay ExampleDell will rather encourage new(prenominal) companies if a positive feedback is recorded from the system.It is quite depressing to hear that people entrusted with taking c be of unexclusive funds are the same ones who fraud the resources. The implementation of JIT principle during day to day operation of institutions is unattackable news to taxpayers. Implementing the JIT principles in corrupt institutions is important. The employees who are reluctant and not receptive to the processes need to be audited since they champion ill motives. Implementation of the principle need to be monitored and evaluate based on their performance. Assuming the impacts are welcoming, regulations need to be passed in favor of the system. From the JIT literature I propose the principle to be apply in almost every institution. Ones the implementations of JIT are done the issue of money laundering will be a thing of the

Case Analysis (Global Management) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Case Analysis (Global Management) - Essay ExampleInstead of attempting to over-reach the follows total capacity, seeking opportunities to maximize its current market position would be the most appropriate. wherefore is this? Chabros established a agonistical pricing form that was aligned with an acceptable operating margin. Coupled with this competitive advantage, Chabros also maintained a quality-focused customer relationship management process that included flexible wages terms and no requests for letters of credit. This was a sustainable strategy until the global economic recession in 2009 which radically reduced sales in certain subsidiaries. As a proven business model of CRM and the ability to establish very competitive pricing in key markets, the business would only bear adjustment of its current sales and marketing strategy to obtain the desired improvements in revenues. With the business evermore being at risk of changing currency values, market demand, and recessiona ry concerns, improving capacity would affix more expenditures to the operating budget that would not, likely, offset gains by simply improving output capacity for its mellowed revenue-producing production facilities.The most appropriate strategy for Chabros is to pursue a market penetration strategy to achieve its desired results. By maximizing capacity, increases in salaries and other associated labor would be highly detrimental to achieving market success. Chabros was considering entering the Moroccan market as a means of expanding its market presence, however there are factors that could seriously impede progress in finding rapid sales success there. Firstly, tariffs are exceedingly high on both products, especially veneer, which would have to translate into higher pricing in enunciate to offset these new costs. Add to this a value-added tax rate of 14 percent, it is not likely that the identical competitive advantages as related to pricing would work in this market when ha ving to incur all of these

Curriculum and External Frame Factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Curriculum and External arrange Factors - Essay ExampleThe campus is located in a safe and supportive environment appropriate for the scholars, cater as well as to the general faculty operations. Industries are stable and dumbfound history of monetary support to the basis and its employees. The public and private school systems provide graduate education programs for the institution and have a reputation of high quality education programs. The commuter students enjoy accessible public enchant services into and out of the urban center at reasonable costs. Moreover, community facilities as well as different public services are at the reach of the students and this ascertains the quality of education that is offered within the institution. too praiseworthily learning environment, the institution is situated at proximity to recreation parks, which are very important for the students leisure activities. Moreover, the government has been very instrumental in offering supportiv e services to the institution and ensuring that the public enjoy the learning facilities offered within the institution as part of its basic responsibility towards the public. paint sectors driving the economy will continue to be the federal government, technology, construction, international business, and hospitality (City Data website, nd). tercet University has a higher en mootment of Washington DC residents compared to all other private universities in the city or region. The university college is at proximity with public transport infrastructure with road and rail transport existence the predominant means of commuting. Transportation services through roads by buses and taxis are easily accessible. Besides the commuter students, Trinity nursing college has boarding facilities though a few in numbers and the institution offers medical and counseling services. The Washington DCs government acknowledges and recognizes the contributions of the institutions within the locality fo r instance, the 2011, pay roll records indicate that about 40% of the annual payroll was from the local residents who were employees to the institution. The nursing college has a total employee community of 221 persons from within the city and the environment. Besides the direct contributions of the college to the lives of the city dwellers, about 2,190 Trinity graduates live within the city and contribute to the welfare and development of the city through talents, civic engagement as well as through the tax income by the government. Their influence in general welfare through formal body of work as well as voluntary activities within the local organizations cannot be overemphasized (Trinity Washington University Annual Report, 2011). The tribe within the city and the environment reflect a mix of cultural and ethnic characteristics with a tolerant spread of age groups from the elderly to the children. The populations within Washington exhibit traits of relatively good income leve ls with majority receiving bonny incomes while some receive above average incomes. The general poverty levels are low and at that place are humanitarian organizations which run programs targeting assisting the poor from within. Washington DC has a great diversity in terms of

Do corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports provide shareholders Essay - 7

Do corporate mixer accountability (CSR) reports provide shareholders and stakeholders with useful information on corporate soci - Essay ExampleThe gaining momentum of CSR activities is spare from the fact that many mergers and acquisition dealings are also viewing investments in much(prenominal) activities as a factor for consideration prior to finalising the deal. Despite such(prenominal) growth in the time value of CSR activities, the head word as to why managers find it important to undertake these activities and whether there is any need for engaging in these activities apart from maintain good public image (Font et al., 2012). There are multitude of problems in the calling world which include accounting frauds and corporate irregularities and graver concerns like environmental issues and social obligations. In this regard, the newspaper publisher discusses the importance of utilisation of companies in a socially responsible behaviour and also illustrates reasons behind non engagement of few organizations in the same. The paper discusses evidence of non compliance and lack of belief in CSR initiative in firms and concludes in discussion of relevance of such CSR initiatives in todays world. Importance of Engaging in a Socially Responsible Behaviour CSR reporting that are now being mandated in firms by various controlling bodies are an attempt to legalise the concerns demarcation use while making it assent with various environmental, social and ethical issues. It is argued that voluntary as well as compulsory CSR reporting ensures warring advantage of firms over those who do not engage in CSR reporting (Mahoney et al., 2013). The melamine contamination movement of China was a shock for the entire world. It highlighted the need for investors to respond to a corporate social responsibility of companies towards its consumers. It is argued that a firms financial performance has direct bearing with consumer buying and selling activities and such immo ral behaviours drop sales by drastic measures. In the similar way, the case of Coca dummy and Cadbury contamination brought forth an alarming situation of quality standards and norms that were practiced within the company. These events tarnished the brand name to such large extent that it required years to gain back reputation and hence sales. Hence it is unfavourable to understand the direct linkage between CSR performance and financial results (Kong, 2012). The importance of engaging in CSR activities hind end also be studied in light of most important financial decisions like a merger and how it impacts the decision and impact on shareholders during such events (Deng, Kang & Low, 2013). In meet of shareholders value maximisation in engaging in a merger, the role of CSR activity has been explained as a practice building action among the stakeholders (Jo & Harjoto, 2011). This argument thus establishes that high socially responsible firms have greater support of shareholders a nd stakeholders which in turn contribute towards firm profitability and long term efficiency in compare to firms that maintain somewhat weak socially responsible image (Jensen, 2001). Evidence of dismissal of view of CSR incarnate governance requires that companies make their activities more transparent, their activities more accountable and their business more socially responsibly. It is argued that companies engage in business ethics, corporate governance and social responsibility merely to gain legitimacy in business activities and they do not really care about what possible impacts these could have on their business activity (Brennan & Merkl-Davies, 2013). According to views of Milton Friedman, social

Depreciation Aspects in Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Depreciation Aspects in Accounting - Essay Exampleet, the market value of the plus in the future, the rate at which the technology and the hardw atomic number 18 becomes obsolete in the segment and in nigh cases the opportunity costs involved in purchasing the asset. The innovations in Information Technology segments and the accelerated turf out of upgrades in the com vomit uper segment play an important role in analyzing the value of the asset at a particular time period (Samuels et al, 2000). All these factors have to be considered in deciding the enamor depreciation methodology for the computer server.The depreciation method followed has a great impact on the pecuniary murder of the company. In other terms, the method applied and the values entered in the accounts have a evidential effect on the three key financial avowals, namely the balance sheet, income statement and the cash flows statement.The income statement includes the depreciation values incurred in the particula r time period and will have a operative effect on the operating profit and the taxes levied. In case the depreciation values are lesser than what was actually incurred, it will give a wrong impression about the companys performance and puke lead to dire circumstances in the later stages.The fixed assets are represented in the balance sheet. The original cost, accumulated depreciation and the current set aside values are included so that a clear picture of the usability of the assets is presented. It is imperative to include the appropriate depreciation values so that the book values are close to the market values as possible. In this case, the replacement cost of the assets can be reasonable and will not have any extreme consequences in the performance if the assets are to be replaced. The depreciation values should also clearly indicate the amount of usage that they have been put into, so that the age and usefulness of the fixed assets are clearly depicted (Samuels et al, 2000). In the case of the virgin computer server, it has been estimated

The effect of advertising on alcohol consumption by young people Essay

The effect of advertising on alcohol consumption by modern peck - Essay ExampleThis essay The effect of advertising on alcohol consumption by newborn people outlines the impact of the alcohol advertisement on the extent of alcohol consumption by young people. Ringold (2008, 139) states that her research study smashed mince consumption of alcoholic beverages as the norm in the United States. This is sympathetic to the results of the Gallup polls (2004) which have indicated the same outcome since 1939. The recommendations given by the United States Dietary Guidelines on moderate drinking was consistent with the consumption found in 90% of people who consume alcohol. This is supported by Saad (2005), who states that underage drinking and alcohol abuse have considerably reduced in the last ternary decades. The per capita consumption of alcohol has continued to decline over the past twenty-five years, states NIAAA (2006). The results of the study by Ringold (2008, 139) reveal that alcoholic beverage advertising does not exert a material influence on get along consumption or abuse. On the other hand, it models normative drinking behaviour, hence may be a crucial inhibitor of alchohol misuse. Responsibility efforts sponsored by industry, by government and by nonprofits lead to craved changes, modeling desired drinking behaviours, and may be more beneficial for heavier drinkers. The research study is timely, because of the continued trend of change magnitude expenditure on advertising, undertaken by alcohol manufacturers. This is supported by several studies conducted by governmental agencies.

Social determinants of health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Social determinants of wellness - Essay ExampleRemarkably, the health situation in Australia is extraordinary and impressive in most aspects compared to other neighboring countries however, the cancer issues play along to multiply creating the need to counter them and understand those affected for utter support. Definitely, cancer is an ailment that changes lives of most mass with the survivors having positive outcomes resulting from well adjustment over time nonetheless, there are still those that face day-to-day challenges. The common health problems that result from cancer include weariness, aching, sexual complications, despair, apprehension and frame of mind wish largely, these problems appear to be the core disruptors of the affected lives but the most frustrating are the cordial struggles (AIHW 2010). Typically, darn undergoing treatment, most cancer patients are able to change their morals and objectives, perspectives on life and how they relate with others as part of th e social development program however, there are barriers such as occupational challenges, hitches with indemnity and health worries that also negatively affect their social lives hence there still lacks a guiltless solution. This article gives a brief analysis of the social impact on cancer evaluating the different social determinants of health relevant to the cancer and low socio-economic groups in Australia.Currently, cancer is the leading burden disease in Australia and has dominated for the last eleven years the burden is a result of lives lost over the years due to premature death and disabilities from prostate, colorectal, breast, lung and melanoma cancers (CVA 2013). Occupational and social environment aspects of the infected affect the mortality rate rate however, these are not the only core contributors but they are key determinants of a monumental number of dissimilar cancers. The occupation determinant is about the exposures that people face in their workplaces for i nstance, some of the machines and equipment utilise

Do the different types of Islamic Art have any common, unifying Essay

Do the divers(prenominal) types of Islamic Art have any common, unifying characteristics - Essay Examples of finesse to realise the reality of this claim that different types of Islamic art have myriad common and unifying characteristics. This undertake seeks to promote this message that it is important to not overlook many common features which run through the highly vivid and captivating art created in the lands of Islam. It is the existence of common features in all systema skeletales of Islamic art which help to make it remarkably coherent despite changing times and regional and cultural differences. varied types of Islamic art like architectural designs, calligraphy, and textile resonate strongly of common characteristics. This common account lends a kind of coherence to Islamic art making it unique and distinguished.The most important art-form in Islamic art in which a substantial amount of hard work and time got invested by artists is related to calligraphy. This art-fo rm enjoyed the same level of prestige, honor, and attention in Islamic world as painting did in Christian art. Painting was not considered a very noble form of art which is why more(prenominal) attention was paid to calligraphy. Writing, which has a very status in the world of Islam, was used as a highly valuable literary embellishment to perfect religious manuscripts and other buildings (Hussain 2009). Architects extensively relied on constitution to decorate their buildings. As Prophet Muhammad used to divine the word of God, the use of beautiful writing to systemize the holy revelations became very popular in later years. Calligraphy was used to create the Qurans in summation to decorating buildings with moving ayahs taken from the Quran. Using calligraphy to decorate buildings became important because depiction of figures or the serviceman form is considered a sin in Islam. Unlike Christian art which relies on figures to decorate buildings and regularly portrays the human f orms, Islamic art depends on calligraphy to achieve the same effect without attracting wrath of God. Because of being a major art-form, calligraphic

Intro 4 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intro 4 questions - Essay ExampleAs a result reformation of penology was formed which saw establishment of gate to sewer in allege to improve hygiene of cells. The impersonate incorporated both the New York and Pennsylvania models. Later, Moonachie introduced mark system that aimed at fiving hope to prisoners concerning their future. Following signs of marks model success, Irish model was introduced which advocated for release of prisoners upon attaining satisfactory good behavior. Lastly, Elmira model was introduced to modify Irish model through giving inmates indeterminate sentencing but prisoners had an opportunity to earn archeozoic release if their behavior improves (P, 356).Modern prisons are divided into state and federal prisons. The level of security compulsory in prisons mainly depends on potential of prisons to escape i.e. minimum, low medium, maximum and super- maximum. There is difference in these prisons on matters of environment. The state correctional system contr ols prison farms and camps that are mainly for inmates with low offence. Others include gripe camps which are mainly aimed at enabling the inmates to undergo physical conditioning and discipline. Military prisons on the opposite hand are different from state and federal prisons as it has its own criminal codes. Lastly, co-correctional prisons are those that domiciliate normal prison environment through allowing both women and men to integrate together (p. 367).Jails mainly view as persons who are serving short sentences, person awaiting trial, conviction or sentencing, individual who have violated of their probation, mentally ill persons, person who is under protection e.g. witness or state inmates.Jails have undergone tremendous changes with billet of modern jails being traced back on 1166 and with the first jail having been built in 1650s. Colonial jails had teentsy rooms which could accommodate approximately 30 inmates. At this era inmates had to buy food for on their own. Since therefore jails have gone through modern

Indigenous Peoples of the Americas and Brand New Way Essay Example for Free

Indigenous sights of the Americas and Brand New Way EssayIndigenous lot argon those that argon endemic to an discipline. Through come forward the world, there argon umteen convocations or tribes of demesne that have been interpreted everyplace by the Europeans in their early conquests through and through with(predicate) fall protrude the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating collections of individuals, and by close embodied businesses trying to take their toss off. The mint indigenous to Australia, brazil and S bring outh America, and howdy ar shortly conflict for their rights as people the rights to own disgrace, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from clubhouse. Indigenous the great unwashed of brazil and South America The people indigenous to Brazil and South America atomic number 18 an exceedingly far-famed group. The Brazilian population headmasterly derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, th e country has been a mixture of legion(predicate) races of people. Of these, ar the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved African blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia. Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazils officials and businesses.Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many an(prenominal) indigenous tribes, is make vast turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy and promise that these lands will be demarcated and protected, the regimen Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, in reality, virtually close to indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development. This claim is substantiated by the circumstance that mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated in dian lands, charm thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects, (PeaceNet) The link between global surroundingsal switch and the rights of indigenous populations resultant roles from the close relationship between indigenous peoples cultural and economic situations and their milieual stifftings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence.Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites peerless agent in which a thirty-five year old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was entrap prevarication face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby come in his cardinal year-old nephew, murdered by the corresponding means. Opposition from local ranchers stalled the demarcation of the land belonging to the Macuxi Indians. The Macuxi are a group whose ancestral lands lie on the plains of Roraima.The Indians claim to the land has resulted in the attacks, and thusfar have strained many to abandon the ancestral grasslands. The report continues, Damaio Mendes and Mario Davis were killed for land. The investigation into the killing was cursory. No cardinal has been brought to umpire. Dozens of Indians in Brazil have been murdered in similar circumstances. One group, the leadershiphip of the Mexica work, accuse Europeans of invading their lands in 1492 and and 1519, and suspension up our lands that they call Mexico(1821), Central America(1823), and the U. S. Southwest(Texas in 1836 and the rest in 1848).(Mexica, 2) They also particular out that In the last 500 years, in addition to the theft of our lands, we have seen the destruction of of our Anahuac cities, the execution of our leaders, the race murder if 23 million of our people (95% of our population killed), the theft of our wealth, the theft of out labor, and more or less importantly, the theft of our trustworthy Anahuac identity, history, heritage, and theology. They point out many of the successes of the Anahuac civilization, including developed sciences, agriculture, philosophies, all of the civilized arts, and three cities larger than Europes largest city.Powerful phrases are used, much(prenominal) as racial rape and cultural castration of our population, and claim that the the influx of Europeans caused the Anahuac to become a society riddled with ignorance, light education, low-self-esteem, p overty, crime, gangs, dropouts, lack of indigenous representation, and and an inferiority complex of the worst kind the self-hate of an sinless people. The Mexica Movement believes that the best way to solve this problem that they, as a society, are faced with, is to depart intimacy of its history and true heritage.They believe that Knowledge, vision, courage, and perseverance will change our people into an authentically high-f lown people, and a revived creative world force We will hold our heads and hearts noblely. We will jubilantly receive who we are. Indigenous People of Australia The indigenes are an indigenous group from Australia. They were the first human inhabitants of this land. The word indigen is actually from Latin language, meaning from the beginning. The Europeans gave this name to native Australians, but this is not what they call themselves.They prefer to be called Koori (Ponnamperuma). They fitted to their environment well the people in the colder southeast tended to be short and thick- doctor which was useful for conserving eubstance heat, and the people in the hot desert were taller and lean. The Aboriginals lived solely by hunting and food gathering. Each group roll up detailed knowledge of the habits, cycles, and and food values of the plants, insects reptiles, marsupials, and fish fix in its area, developing methods and equipment for obtaining them and, when necessary, fo r devising them edible.The deportment of angiotensin converting enzyme insect, plant, or animal was a sign the condition or appearance of reliable others, each in its own place in time. When cardinal population group of natives increased beyond the rate that could live inside practical range, some of its members moved to the next unoccupied area, and thus far held kinship, social, economic, and religious rite ties with the original group. By this process, all of Australia was occupied. The basic part of Aboriginal life was complete dependence on spirit and on intelligent adaptation through knowledge and skill.This equilibrium between the native people and constitution was hugely upset by European settlements beginning in 1788. The better lands were seized, and the food-gathering, theology, and social activities were purely changed. The groups situated near white settlements became more on an unbalanced diet furnished by whites. The ineluctable result was the economic dec line of the native people. The Aboriginals did, however, adjust to their new environment. For example, some Aboriginals in the northern oxen area were employed as stockmen.The Australian Federal organisation is working along with natives to employ deliberate self-rule and consultation in decision fashioning. (Altman) However, continuing impoverished lifestyles of many groups of Aboriginals continues to be a problem. reading is poor and housing is inadequate(Real Borges 5 World). They received the right to vote in 1967, and are continuing to be lucky in continuously demanding their rights as people (Ponnamperuma). Indigenous People of hello In 1893, the joined States authorities along with U. S. Minister John L.Stevens, through covert operations, overthrew the Hawaiian monarch led by puff Liliuokalani and helped to establish a Provisional Government which took full possession of all government functions and buildings of the Hawaiian islands. That aforesaid(prenominal) year, President Grover Cleveland submitted to Congress a full report that condemned the role of the American minister and the U. S. Marines and called for a replication of the Hawaiian monarchy. In 1898, Congress ignored President Clevelands previous request and brought into the Union the Hawaiian Islands through the Newlands Resolution This was legally questi iodind as to whether the U.S. Congress had authority to admit territory into the Union because it is not undertake that it had right to acquire land other than through conquest or treaty. The Japanese American Citizens confederacy (JACL) realizes that the actions taken by the U. S. are illegal and thus are the basis for their legal claims for the income tax return of human, civil, property, and free rights of Hawaiis indigenous people. The JACL believes that the unlawful overthrow holds special significance, as it has neither been addressed nor remedied for over a century.This expiration of self-rule, according to the JACL re mains an important cultural and political factor today (Costanha). Additionally, the JACL believes that unresolved justice to one is harm endured by all full range or consideration of Hawaiis peoples rights and freedoms must be only explored in order to bring around harmony at furnish Hawaiis society,(Costanha). The JACL Many Hawaiians are mordant nearly the current hip Hawaiian culture, with hula girls and surfers. Many believe that they are being exploited, including one of the leaders of the native Hawaiians autonomousty movement, Haunani-Kay Trask (Nakao, 1).There are two proposed plans for a sovereign Hawaii. One is the nation within a nation model in which 4. 2 million square acres are set aside as Hawaiian homeland and residents pay taxes to elected Hawaiian representatives. The United States would still be in charge of defense and most legal matters, but Hawaii would have reassure over its land and resources. The other plan is that of complete sovereignty, in which H awaii holds complete rule.The countries of Brazil and Australia and the kingdom of Hawaii all have things in common internal conflict, one group thriving at the female genitals of a social hierarchy, and that same group fighting for their rights. These groups need and deserve to be disposed the land that Europeans have taken from them, and also should be treated equally. Indigenous People Indigenous people are those that are native to an area. Throughout the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by grasping corporate businesses trying to take their land.The people indigenous to Australia, Brazil and South America, and Hawaii are presently fighting for their rights as people the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from society. Indigenous People of Brazil and Sout h America The people indigenous to Brazil and South America are an extremely noteworthy group. The Brazilian population originally derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, the country has been a mixture of many races of people. Of these, are the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved African blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia.Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazils officials and businesses. Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many indigenous tribes, is causation great turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy and promise that these lands will be demarcated and protected, the Government Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, in reality, most most indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development. This claim is substantiated by the fact that mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated indian lands, succession thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects, (PeaceNet) The link between global environmental change and the rights of indigenous populations results from the close relationship between indigenous peoples cultural and economic situations and their environmental settings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence.Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites one occasion in which a thirty-five year old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was found lying face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby commit his nineteen year-old nephew, murdered by the same means. Opp osition from local ranchers stalled the demarcation of the land belonging to the Macuxi Indians. The Macuxi are a group whose ancestral lands lie on the plains of Roraima.The Indians claim to the land has resulted in the attacks, and thusfar have forced many to abandon the ancestral grasslands. The report continues, Damaio Mendes and Mario Davis were killed for land. The investigation into the killing was cursory. No one has been brought to justice. Dozens of Indians in Brazil have been murdered in similar circumstances. One group, the leaders of the Mexica Movement, accuse Europeans of invading their lands in 1492 and and 1519, and breaking up our lands that they call Mexico(1821), Central America(1823), and the U. S. Southwest(Texas in 1836 and the rest in 1848).(Mexica, 2) They also point out that In the last 500 years, in addition to the theft of our lands, we have seen the destruction of of our Anahuac cities, the execution of our leaders, the racial extermination if 23 milli on of our people (95% of our population killed), the theft of our wealth, the theft of out labor, and most importantly, the theft of our true Anahuac identity, history, heritage, and theology. They point out many of the successes of the Anahuac civilization, including developed sciences, agriculture, philosophies, all of the civilized arts, and three cities larger than Europes largest city.Powerful phrases are used, such as racial rape and cultural castration of our population, and claim that the the influx of Europeans caused the Anahuac to become a society riddled with ignorance, poor education, low-self-esteem, poverty, crime, gangs, dropouts, lack of indigenous representation, and and an inferiority complex of the worst kind the self-hate of an consummate people. The Mexica Movement believes that the best way to solve this problem that they, as a society, are faced with, is to volunteer knowledge of its history and true heritage.They believe that Knowledge, vision, courage, and perseverance will change our people into an authentically proud people, and a revived creative world force We will hold our heads and hearts proudly. We will jubilantly know who we are. Indigenous People of Australia The Aborigines are an indigenous group from Australia. They were the first human inhabitants of this land. The word Aborigine is actually from Latin language, meaning from the beginning. The Europeans gave this name to native Australians, but this is not what they call themselves.They prefer to be called Koori (Ponnamperuma). They adapted to their environment well the people in the colder southeast tended to be short and thick-set which was useful for conserving soundbox heat, and the people in the hot desert were taller and lean. The Aboriginals lived solely by hunting and food gathering. Each group accumulated detailed knowledge of the habits, cycles, and and food values of the plants, insects reptiles, marsupials, and fish found in its area, developing methods and equipment for obtaining them and, when necessary, for making them edible.The behavior of one insect, plant, or animal was a sign the condition or appearance of veritable others, each in its own place in time. When one population group of natives increased beyond the number that could live within practical range, some of its members moved to the next unoccupied area, and still held kinship, social, economic, and religious rite ties with the original group. By this process, all of Australia was occupied. The basic part of Aboriginal life was complete dependence on nature and on intelligent adaptation through knowledge and skill.This equilibrium between the native people and nature was hugely upset by European settlements beginning in 1788. The better lands were seized, and the food-gathering, theology, and social activities were rigorously changed. The groups located near white settlements became more on an unbalanced diet furnished by whites. The fatal result was the economic decline of the native people. The Aboriginals did, however, adjust to their new environment. For example, some Aboriginals in the northern cows area were employed as stockmen.The Australian Federal Government is working along with natives to employ slack self-determination and consultation in decision making. (Altman) However, continuing impoverished lifestyles of many groups of Aboriginals continues to be a problem. knowledge is poor and housing is inadequate(Real Borges 5 World). They received the right to vote in 1967, and are continuing to be successful in continuously demanding their rights as people (Ponnamperuma). Indigenous People of HawaiiIn 1893, the United States Government along with U. S. Minister John L. Stevens, through covert operations, overthrew the Hawaiian monarch led by power Liliuokalani and helped to establish a Provisional Government which took full possession of all government functions and buildings of the Hawaiian islands. That same year, President Gro ver Cleveland submitted to Congress a full report that condemned the role of the American minister and the U. S. Marines and called for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy.In 1898, Congress ignored President Clevelands previous request and brought into the Union the Hawaiian Islands through the Newlands Resolution This was legally questioned as to whether the U. S. Congress had authority to admit territory into the Union because it is not stipulate that it had right to acquire land other than through conquest or treaty. The Japanese American Citizens group discussion (JACL) realizes that the actions taken by the U. S. are illegal and thus are the basis for their legal claims for the restoration of human, civil, property, and sovereign rights of Hawaiis indigenous people.The JACL believes that the unlawful overthrow holds special significance, as it has neither been addressed nor remedied for over a century. This exit of self-rule, according to the JACL remains an important cultu ral and political factor today (Costanha). Additionally, the JACL believes that unresolved justice to one is harm endured by all full range or consideration of Hawaiis peoples rights and freedoms must be all in all explored in order to bring about harmony within Hawaiis society,(Costanha).The JACL Many Hawaiians are bitter about the current hip Hawaiian culture, with hula girls and surfers. Many believe that they are being exploited, including one of the leaders of the native Hawaiians sovereignty movement, Haunani-Kay Trask (Nakao, 1). There are two proposed plans for a sovereign Hawaii. One is the nation within a nation model in which 4. 2 million square acres are set aside as Hawaiian homeland and residents pay taxes to elected Hawaiian representatives.The United States would still be in charge of defense and most legal matters, but Hawaii would have control over its land and resources. The other plan is that of complete sovereignty, in which Hawaii holds complete rule. The count ries of Brazil and Australia and the state of Hawaii all have things in common internal conflict, one group thriving at the bottom of a social hierarchy, and that same group fighting for their rights. These groups need and deserve to be given the land that Europeans have taken from them, and also should be treated equally. Indigenous People.Indigenous people are those that are native to an area. Throughout the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by greedy corporate businesses trying to take their land. The people indigenous to Australia, Brazil and South America, and Hawaii are currently fighting for their rights as people the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protected from society.Indigenous People of Brazil and South America The people indigenous to Brazil and South Amer ica are an extremely noteworthy group. The Brazilian population originally derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, the country has been a mixture of many races of people. Of these, are the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved African blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia. Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazils officials and businesses.Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many indigenous tribes, is causing great turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy and promise that these lands will be demarcated and protected, the Government Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, in reality, most most indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development. This claim is substantiated by the fac t that mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated indian lands, while thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects, (PeaceNet) The link between global environmental change and the rights of indigenous populations results from the close relationship between indigenous peoples cultural and economic situations and their environmental settings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence.Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites one occasion in which a thirty-five year old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was found lying face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby lay his nineteen year-old nephew, murdered by the same means. Opposition from local ranchers stalled the demarcation of the land belong ing to the Macuxi Indians. The Macuxi are a group whose ancestral lands lie on the plains of Roraima.The Indians claim to the land has resulted in the attacks, and thusfar have forced many to abandon the ancestral grasslands. The report continues, Damaio Mendes and Mario Davis were killed for land. The investigation into the killing was cursory. No one has been brought to justice. Dozens of Indians in Brazil have been murdered in similar circumstances. One group, the leaders of the Mexica Movement, accuse Europeans of invading their lands in 1492 and and 1519, and breaking up our lands that they call Mexico(1821), Central America(1823), and the U. S. Southwest(Texas in 1836 and the rest in 1848).(Mexica, 2) They also point out that In the last 500 years, in addition to the theft of our lands, we have seen the destruction of of our Anahuac cities, the execution of our leaders, the genocide if 23 million of our people (95% of our population killed), the theft of our wealth, the theft of out labor, and most importantly, the theft of our true Anahuac identity, history, heritage, and theology. They point out many of the successes of the Anahuac civilization, including developed sciences, agriculture, philosophies, all of the civilized arts, and three cities larger than Europes largest city.Powerful phrases are used, such as racial rape and cultural castration of our population, and claim that the the influx of Europeans caused the Anahuac to become a society riddled with ignorance, poor education, low-self-esteem, poverty, crime, gangs, dropouts, lack of indigenous representation, and and an inferiority complex of the worst kind the self-hate of an entire people. The Mexica Movement believes that the best way to solve this problem that they, as a society, are faced with, is to provide knowledge of its history and true heritage.They believe that Knowledge, vision, courage, and perseverance will change our people into an authentically proud people, and a revived c reative world force We will hold our heads and hearts proudly. We will happily know who we are. Indigenous People of Australia The Aborigines are an indigenous group from Australia. They were the first human inhabitants of this land. The word Aborigine is actually from Latin language, meaning from the beginning. The Europeans gave this name to native Australians, but this is not what they call themselves.They prefer to be called Koori (Ponnamperuma). They adapted to their environment well the people in the colder southeast tended to be short and thick-set which was useful for conserving body heat, and the people in the hot desert were taller and lean. The Aboriginals lived solely by hunting and food gathering. Each group accumulated detailed knowledge of the habits, cycles, and and food values of the plants, insects reptiles, marsupials, and fish found in its area, developing methods and equipment for obtaining them and, when necessary, for making them edible.The behavior of one in sect, plant, or animal was a sign the condition or appearance of certain others, each in its own place in time. When one population group of natives increased beyond the number that could live within practical range, some of its members moved to the next unoccupied area, and still held kinship, social, economic, and ritual ties with the original group. By this process, all of Australia was occupied. The basic part of Aboriginal life was complete dependence on nature and on intelligent adaptation through knowledge and skill.This equilibrium between the native people and nature was hugely upset by European settlements beginning in 1788. The better lands were seized, and the food-gathering, theology, and social activities were stringently changed. The groups located near white settlements became more on an unbalanced diet furnished by whites. The inevitable result was the economic decline of the native people. The Aboriginals did, however, adjust to their new environment. For example, some Aboriginals in the northern cattle area were employed as stockmen.The Australian Federal Government is working along with natives to employ gradual self-determination and consultation in decision making. (Altman) However, continuing impoverished lifestyles of many groups of Aboriginals continues to be a problem. Education is poor and housing is inadequate(Real Borges 5 World). They received the right to vote in 1967, and are continuing to be successful in continuously demanding their rights as people (Ponnamperuma). Indigenous People of Hawaii.In 1893, the United States Government along with U. S. Minister John L. Stevens, through covert operations, overthrew the Hawaiian monarch led by Queen Liliuokalani and helped to establish a Provisional Government which took full possession of all government functions and buildings of the Hawaiian islands. That same year, President Grover Cleveland submitted to Congress a full report that condemned the role of the American minister and th e U. S. Marines and called for a restoration of the Hawaiian monarchy.In 1898, Congress ignored President Clevelands previous request and brought into the Union the Hawaiian Islands through the Newlands Resolution This was legally questioned as to whether the U. S. Congress had authority to admit territory into the Union because it is not specified that it had right to acquire land other than through conquest or treaty. The Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) realizes that the actions taken by the U. S. are illegal and thus are the basis for their legal claims for the restoration of human, civil, property, and sovereign rights of Hawaiis indigenous people.The JACL believes that the unlawful overthrow holds special significance, as it has neither been addressed nor remedied for over a century. This loss of self-rule, according to the JACL remains an important cultural and political factor today (Costanha). Additionally, the JACL believes that unresolved justice to one is harm en dured by all full range or consideration of Hawaiis peoples rights and freedoms must be completely explored in order to bring about harmony within Hawaiis society,(Costanha).The JACL Many Hawaiians are bitter about the current hip Hawaiian culture, with hula girls and surfers. Many believe that they are being exploited, including one of the leaders of the native Hawaiians sovereignty movement, Haunani-Kay Trask (Nakao, 1). There are two proposed plans for a sovereign Hawaii. One is the nation within a nation model in which 4. 2 million square acres are set aside as Hawaiian homeland and residents pay taxes to elected Hawaiian representatives.The United States would still be in charge of defense and most legal matters, but Hawaii would have control over its land and resources. The other plan is that of complete sovereignty, in which Hawaii holds complete rule. The countries of Brazil and Australia and the state of Hawaii all have things in common internal conflict, one group thriving at the bottom of a social hierarchy, and that same group fighting for their rights. These groups need and deserve to be given the land that Europeans have taken from them, and also should be treated equally.

Later Adulthood Development Report Essay Example for Free

after Adulthood Development Report EssayAging overtakes in every stage of feel, and as adults sire older and move from one and only(a) stage of adulthood to the next m any(prenominal) new changes can occur in their everyday lives. The transition from middle adulthood to later adulthood can bring a whole new level of changes to an unmarrieds life. The ageing process includes changes in roles and social positions, considering funding accommodations with health c atomic number 18 needs, transitioning from work life to retirement, changes in social policies, and changes in relationships with family members and peers. As senescent occurs exclusives comment a numerous amount of changes in their lives. Some of those changes occur in their roles and social positions. As an individual ages they may begin to notice both corporeal and mental changes that decrease their ability to carry let on activities in their daily routines. An individual who was once the leader of company mee tings may notice that they be no longer fitted to hear or descry things as wellspring as they were out front, and they may not be able to process their thoughts as quickly. They might also notice a delay in their reaction time. While almost people may assume it is because of a medical issue, it could just be because of aging. As aging continues end-to-end later adulthood individuals may also notice changes in their physical appearances such as loose or wrinkly skin and a decrease in go across tone.Throughout life individuals may decide to move from one place to another to beget what it is homogeneous to live in a new place. As individuals age their health starts to decline, and in some cases, some families extradite to make the decision to put their loved ones in a nursing home or hire a nursing staff to do home visits. When the health of a loved one becomes an issue family members have to make sure they argon getting theproper concern they need to plug their loved ones are safe and their health needs are being met. Some elderly individuals are able to go through life and not need any type of assistance warmth for themselves, but some individuals get sick and cannot the right way take rush of themselves any longer. Alzheimers and derangement are two of the worst diseases an individual can develop as they age.Once Alzheimers or Dementia really set in the individual start to forget life as they antecedently knew it. They no longer recognize their family or friends and have a hard time remembering anything most their lives. fit in to the Alzheimers Association in that respect are three stages to Alzheimers disease, the archeozoic, middle, and late stages. In the early stages of Alzheimers disease an individual may still function as well as they did before they knew they had the disease, He or she may still drive, work, and be a part of social activities (Alzheimers Association, 2015). According to the Alzheimers Association, The middle stages of Alzheimers are typically the longest and can last for many years.The third, and final stage of Alzheimers, the late stages, according to the Alzheimers Association, may last for some(prenominal) weeks or several years and requires intense are the clock care. As Alzheimers progresses the individual may experience symptoms such as anger, anxiety, depression, hallucinations, memory loss, confusion, repetition, and physical discomfort. As Alzheimers slowly starts to take over the individual it becomes harder and harder for both the individual and the family to deal with the changes that are occurring. That is why it is so important to make sure there is a trained medical professional on site at all times to care and comfort the individual dealing with the disease.The transition from working life to retirement can be a difficult process for some adults as they struggle to accept the changes that will occur in their lifestyle. But, on the other hand, retirement can also be an enjoya ble time for some adults as they see it as an opportunity to do things they love without having to worry about work interfering with their plans. Some aging adults have a hard time coping with the thought of retirement because of the drastic change in income and they do not know what to do withall the extra time they will have throughout the day. While the changes in income between a weekly or biweekly paycheck greatly disagree from their previous profession and the amount of money received through social security, most employers offer a 401K savings plan to help with retirement and life after working.Social policies were put in manners to ensure that anyone in need is able to have their needs met. These needs can include medical, nutritional, and income needs. The presidential term has funded programs such as food stamps to help families all over the country provide food for their families. other(a) government programs such as Medicaid and Medicare are intact to help cover medi cal expenses for people who cannot cede health or dental insurance. When it comes to the elderly, social programs such as Social Security and the Older Americans set were put intact to ensure the elderly (anyone aged sixty five or older) are able to financially support themselves. Social policies are a great way to ensure individuals are properly taken care of and are able to support themselves.Family is forever, and nobody should ever feel as if they have to go through life alone. As we age it is important to remember how important our family and friends really are to us. We spend our whole lives searching for someone to spend the rest of our lives with and to build a family with, but as we age and people in our families start to die people begin to feel lonely. Losing a culmination family member or even a friend can leave individuals with a feeling of solitariness or even depression, Most people seventy years of age or older are widowed, divorced, or single (Zastrow Kirst-Ash man, 2010).Grandparents and great- grandparents should never have to feel like they are unimportant or unwished-for by their families. As individuals mature and go on with their own lives they should always continue to stay in touch with everyone in their family, but they should especially make sure their grandparents and older family members are healthy and well taken care of.The changes that occur throughout our daily lives are preparing us for the next stage of life. As individuals age they experience new things and learnnew things about themselves. Some people fear aging as they fear they will no longer be able to properly care for themselves any longer, but with the love and support from our families anything is possible. The aging process includes changes in roles and social positions, considering living accommodations with health care needs, transitioning from work lifeto retirement, changes in social policies, and changes in relationships with family members and peers. Agin g is just one of the many aspects of life that everyone has to deal with, and it is up to us to determine how we want to deal with it and let it affect our everyday life.ReferencesAlzheimers Association. The Stages of Alzheimers. Retrieved from http//www.alz.org/living_with_alzheimers_4521.aspU.S Department of Health and Family Services. Caring for Frail Elderly People Policies in Evolution. Retrieved from http//aspe.hhs.gov/daltcp/reports/chap14.htmZastrow, C.H. Kirst-Ashman, K.K. (2010). Understanding Human fashion and the Social Environment (8th Ed.)

Peter Waldo and the Waldesians Essay Example for Free

diaphysis Waldo and the Waldesians examineThe Waldesians, a small community of Christians, originated in Lyon, France in the12th century. According to the Dictionary of Beliefs and Religions they rejected the authority of the pontiff, prayers for the loose and the veneration of saints. Despite severe persecution and excommunication by the Roman Catholic church over numerous years they have survived to the present day and have churches in Ger galore(postnominal), Italy and in two North and southwestern America.Peter Waldo ( to a fault inhabitn as Pierre ( 1160 -1318) is said to have made a fact by working as a merchant and by lending silver as a usurer, jibe to The Conversion of Peter Waldo an anonymous docu workforcet of about 1218. The writer records how, in about 1173 Peter Waldo of Lyon heard a troubadour telling a story. He was enthralled and invited the story teller to his home.Waldo was so affected by what he heard that next day he went to a school of pietism a nd asked what he should do. He was told - If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell all that thou hast, ( Matthew 19 v 21) Waldo asked his wife which she would prefer to keep his personal property or his real estate. She was not merry at having to manufacture any choice, but chose the real estate. He then placed his daughters in a convent and distributed the majority of his money, some to those he had misused, but most to the poor of the area.At that succession there was a famine and several ages each week he provided food for the people. The people thought he was mad. At the time of the Assumption of the blessed Virgin, casting some money among the village poor, he cried, No man can serve two masters, God and mammon. Then his fellow-citizens ran up, thinking he had lost his mind. scarce he said. -My fellow-citizens and friends, I not insane, as you think, but I am avenging myself on my enemies, who made me a slave, so that I was always more careful of money than of God, and served the creature rather than the Creator. I know that many will blame me that I act thus openly. But I do it both on my own account and on yours on my own, so that those who see me henceforth possessing any money may say that I am mad, and on yours, that you may learn to place hope in God and not in riches.Waldo was very interested in the Bible and in 1160 paid for a translation of it into the Romance language. Waldo began to travel about preaching. H e and his companions were known as the poor men of Lyon. The group promoted pacifism according to Kreider and Yoder in The History of Christianity. ( page 25). The idea of lay folk, many of them illiterate, biography in simple poverty was approved by the papacy at the Third Lateran Council in 1179.The pope did however add the proviso that they obtain permission to preach from local church authorities. At this time Waldos ideas were in keeping with the Catholic church. Waldo and his followers, by their poverty showed up the laxity and wor ldliness of many in the church and in 1181 the Archbishop of Lyon banned them from preaching. In 1184 they were excommunicated by the pope. So what had begun as a hot movement had become heresy in a few years.Although a few former Waldesians were welcomed choke into the church the response of the majority was to establish their own church with all the organization that implies deacons, priests and bishops. Later they would make that they were the only true church. They quickly became established in Lombardy and Provence Outbursts by the hierarchy of the Catholic church against unlicenced preaching and the groups refusal to acknowledge the authority and need for the intermediary role of the clergy only served to make them identify Roman Catholicism as the Great Whore of Babylon and thus not worthy of acknowledgement.They considered at that time that the validity o f the sacrament depended upon the rectitude of the celebrant and as they rejected the worthiness of Catholicism th ey rejected its priests and sacraments that they administered. Waldesians preferred to study the scriptures for themselves rather than have them interpreted for them by priests as was the master a the time. Gradually they established churches in most parts of Europe an d became the most general of heretic groups of the time.They rejected or re-interpreted Catholic sacraments. The eucharist was only celebrated annually and in supposition anyone could administer it. The priest became simply a good man. Most feast days were rejected as not being Biblical . Because they could not find evidence for purgatory within the scriptures they rejected it in concert with the idea of prayers for the dead. Similar thinking led them to reject saints not mentioned in the Bible.Their ideas became mixed with that of other groups. In southern France for instance they mixed with the ideas of the Cathars. They were so oppressed that there was a crusade against them in 1488 according to Ronald Finucane the pope so feared what he perceived as a threat to the stability o f the church that an attempt was made to destroy their whole culture. Organised attacks were made upon them in Provence and in Italy. The Waldesians would no t have fought back physically as they condemned war and the shedding of blood.By the time of the renewal the Waldesians were in contact with many groups across Europe and there was consequently a great alter of ideas. Many joined local Protestant churches. Gradually they were absorbed into the mainstream of the Protestant Reformation.Not without continued competition however. In 1655 the Duke of Savoy for instance ordered members to take communion or sell their lands and leave his territory. by and by hearing false reports twenty days later a massacre ensued. By this time the Waldesians were worshipping openly in french. In 1685 the king of France Louis XIV renounced the edit of Nantes and so made it illegal to be a Protestant in France. They were under pe nalty of death or banishment if they refused to admit that they had been wrong.After the French Revolution the Protestants of Piedmont were finally given religious freedom to worship as they wished and in 1848, the king of Sardinia , who also ruled Savoy gave them full rights, both civil and religious.Todays Waldesians consider themselves Protestants in the Calvin tradition. They take on the doctrines of mainstream Protestantism and celebrate only two sacraments baptism and the Eucharist. Authority is exercised by a yearly synod and individual churches by the pastor and a council of members. This is perhaps far removed from one man giving away his wealth and intent style for the gospels sake, but the Waldesian church has evolved as all churches do, while at the same time remaining true to its ideals of justice, freedom conscience, and respect for religious diversity.This is exemplified in the American Waldesian Aid Society who train out such activities as earthquake relief, the care of orphans of war and give help to refugees as soundly as the formation of Italian language Protestant churches. The fact that they are now considered as a mainstream church can be seen by their close links with the Methodist church and their links with the widely distributed movement . The Waldesians may be numerically a small group, as they always were , but they were the forerunners of Protestantism and so are worthy of their place in church history.Works citedAmerican Waldesian Aid Society set at http//www.waldensian.org/aws01.php and retrieved 13th November 2007Finucane,R. 1980, The Waldesians in The History of Chrsitianity, Lion Publishing, Hertfordshire.Goring R. ( editor)1992 Chambers Dictionary of Beliefs and Religions, Chambers, Edinburgh.Kreider, A and Yoder, J. 1980, Christians and war in The History of Christianity, Lion Publishing , Hertfordshire.Robinson, J.H.( translator) The Conversion of Peter Waldo found at http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/waldo1.htm l and retrieved fourteenth November 2007Waldesians found at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaldensiansLater_history and retrieved 13th November 2007

The Minister and his Gem Essay Example for Free

The Minister and his Gem EssayThe father-daughter relationship has typically represented bingle of the strongest bonds of humanity. Generally, this familial bond is so strong that it can go forthlast even the most daunting of obstacles. However, sometimes strange circumstances can affect this relationship. Such is the case of Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale and his daughter beading in Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter. Even megabytegh Dimmesdale refuses to acknowledge garner as his daughter, the p contrast is emotionally rise nonetheless. The first moment of bonding occurs as Hester is forced to stand on the scaffold and endure the man humiliation of bearing a sister out of wedlock. Ironically, it is Dimmesdale to whom the responsibility of this womans soul lies (Hawthorne, 1991, p. 66). subsequently all, she is there because of him. When Pearl hears her fathers voices, she is immediately attracted to its sound. As Dimmesdale attempts to evoke a confession from her mother, the sister Pearl directed its hitherto vacant gaze towards Mr. Dimmesdale, with a half-pleased, half-plaintive murmer (p. 67). This movement indicates the instinctive cognizance of the infant for her father. Dimmesdale clearly recognizes it, and this moment marks the beginning of his descent into guilt.His refusal seems to prompt the infant to pierce the air with its wailings and screams (p. 68) as she appears to react sadly or angrily to this denial. The second defining moment occurs years later. Dimmesdale must(prenominal) intervene to make sure that Pearl is not taken from Hester. Hester has implored him to do so, adding that it is his responsibility in much ways than one molar concentration knowest me better than these men can Speak for me (p. 98) Understanding her undertones, Dimmesdale complies. After he has convinced the Governor that Pearl should remain with Hester, Pearl shows to him and uncharacteristic touch of tenderness.She stole softly towards him, and, taking h is hand in the grasp of her own, laid her cheek against it, which prompted him to lay his hand on the childs head and then kissed her brow (pp. 99-100). Even Hester is amazed at the display of affection from her daughter, prompting her to lead Is that my Pearl? (p. 100). She is unused to this tenderness from her child, and in this unusual display, it becomes app arent to the reader that both Pearl and Dimmesdale are feeling more than the mere relationship between a minister and a parishioner.Later merely, Dimmesdale and his Pearl bring their relationship to words albeit under the cover of night. As he is silently atoning for his sin upon the scaffold, he invites Hester and Pearl to join him. Holding her hand, Dimmesdale is overcome with at strange joy (Hawthorne, 1991, p. 125). However, he is not yet qualified to agree to her demand to publicly acknowledge their relationship the next day at noon. Although Pearl is asking him to appear with them as a family, his guilt forces him to refuse.Even though she is too young to fancy his denial then, when Pearl is seven, she is old enough to understand Dimmesdales refusals. At their forest meeting, her petulant and flint behavior underscores the hurt she feels because of this. She wipes off his kiss after he once again refuses to go blanket with us, hand in hand, we three together, into the town (p. 166). As is usually the case, the mother must comfort the child by reminding her that one day We shall have a home and a fireside of our own and thou shalt sit upon his knee and he will teach thee many things, and love thee dearly (p. 66).However, as if not believing her mother, Pearl refuses to admit her love for him at this point. It appears that Pearl is waiting for Dimmesdale to admit to everyone that she is his daughter. Their relationship is at long last made public, as he calls her to him during the holiday parade, and she flew to him, and clasp her arms around his knees (Hawthorne, 1991, p. 193). He finally is capable to speak to his daughter as every father should. He says, dear little Pearl, wilt thou kiss me now? (p. 196). Of course she complies, overjoyed at the admission of her father.The beautiful scene is played out as her tears fell upon her fathers cheeks (p. 196). Unfortunately, the physical bonding occurs too late Dimmesdale perishes, deviation Hester and Pearl to continue alone. Even if the physical bond is denied, an emotional bond will always know between a father and a daughter. As Dimmesdale and Pearl demonstrate in The Scarlet Letter, this relationship is ultimately undeniable by either party. By refusing to acknowledge this bond, Pearl and Dimmesdale are not able to continue their relationship.

Consequences of Exploration for Europeans and the Indigenous Peoples Essay Example for Free

Consequences of Exploration for Europeans and the autochthonal Peoples EssayIn 1492, Christopher Columbus priminged in the Caribbean bearing the name of the Spanish Crown in hopes that he had landed in the Indies of Asia using a direct sea route. though that is not where he landed, his New World was a place of great wealth, new fabrics and crops, new source of labor, and new land for the European nations. The payoffs for the native people of the Americas were much worse with devastating death tolls, enslavement, new diseases and racist attitudes towards them. though it would not be fair to say that the Europeans did not sh ar in negative consequences or that the endemic people did not gain any advantages.The greatest negative consequences for the Europeans due to the European expansion are a devastating economic revolution, and the introduction of the venereal disease Syphilis. Once the Spanish began to mine the scarce ores of America the wealth of Spain underwent a major transformation. Demanding one-fifth of all in all profit, the Crown became immensely rich and this showed in their influence on the lie down of Europe, seeing that other countries now lacked the material wealth of Spain. Throughout this term of great wealth the population rose steadily in Spain. With population increase, came an increased demand for nutriment and merchandise.Spain had expelled a large amount of their skilled farmers, workers, merchants and businessmen during the Inquisition when they cleansed their country of the Jewish and Muslim people. along with the demand in Spain, the demand for Spanish and European products in the Americas also became hard to keep up with. With the ever-increasing influx of silver bullion the prices in Spain began to rise and the inflation quadrupled the prices of everything within thirty classs. In 1556, Martin de Azpilcueta Navarro, a Spanish canon lawyer, writes about the influx of American silver as the cause of the inflation.We see by experience that in France, where money is scarcer than in Spain, bread, wine, cloth, and labour are worth much less. And make up in Spain, in times when money was scarcer, saleable goods and labour were given for very much less than later the discovery of the Indies, which flooded the country with gold and silver. The reason for this is that money is worth more where and when it is scarce than where and when it is abundant. on with this, the Spanish king Philip II spent more money on outside enterprises to worsen his countries debt.When needing to fall in his debt to other countries, he also paid in silver bullion spreading the inflation to the rest of Europe. The discovery of the Americas led Europe to inflation and increased prices and Spain to almost complete debt by the s tear downteenth century. too silver and gold, the native people of the Americas passed Syphilis on to the Spanish who came to settle there. In five year time, Syphilis had spread to Russia from the Eu ropean Atlantic coast. though it could not be proven, Syphilis is thought to take hold originated in Espaniola because no evidence of Syphilis exists in Europe before 1493.These open sores, boils, and aches in the joints caused anguish pains to many Europeans due to this quickly widespread venereal disease. The only proven effective expression to treat Syphilis was from drinking the boiled bark of the guaiacum tree which only grew in Espaniola. Though no exact numbers were calculated for Syphilis it could not be compared to the death tolls that the European diseases left(p) on the Indian populations. In a period of 130 years, something like 95 percent of all ingrained Americans died of disease. That number is far greater than experts (until recently) had ever suspected.The domestic Americans who survived the plagues were, of course, completely demoralized and depressed by this tremendous loss of their loved ones, of their lifestyle, and of their ancient culture. (Bib 2. ) The 95 percent population loss of the Natives was staggering compared to in all probability one percent death caused by Syphilis. Thus though Syphilis was a negative consequence of European expansion it proved minor compare to the Indigenous peoples loss due to European disease. excessively new crops and animals the natural people were introduced to new religions, medicines and ways of life that helped better themselves.Christianity was introduced to the indigenous people convey to very ardent Catholicism from the Spanish and Portuguese. These Christians taught of love, equality and a heaven after death for those who acted healthful on earth. For many indigenous people this religion called to them and they were converted. Those who did not convert voluntarily were either compel to convert or killed. The native people actually became very passionate about this religion and even followed religious doctrines more closely than the Spanish conquistadors.The natives began to spread peac e and love as a larger doctrine than territory fighting which shows how religion was a positive outcome from European expansion. New engineering science and medicine helped more effectively cure the local people and brought new light to the topic. In Pre-Colombian times the Indian populations would come to the ailing and stay by their side through illness thus plausibly catching the illness themselves, the Europeans taught to isolate the sick and better medicines to treat them.The lives that new medicines saved in the Americas is immensurable but probably still do not compare to the lives lost from European diseases. New technologies such(prenominal) as guns, steel and sailing equipment helped build stronger weapons than the ones previously possessed by Indians, and a new material from which objects could be made. Very strong steel could be used to make protection from swords and swords themselves thus fortifying indigenous peoples ability to make weapons, protect themselves, a nd hunt.Many thousands of things brought from Europe helped make indigenous life better such as candles to light the night and paper so writing and language could be better developed. Though much understated there were many positive outcomes from European expansion to the indigenous people of the Americas and even a few negative outcomes for the Europeans themselves. More often than not, when talking about the European expansion into America, the Europeans come along to get much better rewards from their expansion. And they actually did.They reaped much higher rewards from their conquest of the Americas than the indigenous people, yet it cannot be forgotten that both peoples had multiple sides to their gains and losses due to European expansion. Bibliography Quotes drawframe 1. Why were Native Americans so vulnerable to European diseases? (article). Articles on how to feel good more often and get more done. Web. 10 Oct. 2009. http//www. youmeworks. com/why_native_americans. html. Galloway, J. H. The Sugar Cane Industry An Historical Geography from its Origins to 1914 (Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography).New York Cambridge UP, 2005. Print. American Indian past and present. Norman University of Oklahoma, 2008. Print. Other Info Spanish colonization of the Americas -. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas. Native Americans in the United States European colonization. Spiritus-Temporis. com Historical Events, Latest News, News Archives. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. http//www. spiritus-temporis. com/native-americans-in-the-united-states/european-colonization. html.

Michael Graves Essay Example for Free

Michael sculpture Es recordArt Appreciation Michael grave Michael carve is a post-modern architect born in Indianapolis, Indiana on July 9th 1934. He graduated from blanket(a) Ripple High School he then attended and got his bachelor degree at the University of Cincinnati. afterward getting his bachelors, he went to Harvard where he got his masters in Interior design. After college he started career as an architect, it was in 1968 when he designed and built the Hanselmann House in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He built houses for nearly 10 years until he started create all kinds of expressions. He built anything from the Dolphin Resort at Disney world from the Denver Public Library.Graves has been conception constructs of all types since 1968 very rapidly, some years designing four or more buildings a year. One of Gravess nearly famous buildings is the Portland building in Oregon. This building was made in 1980 and is unique because of how he surprised everyone with the exterio r design. He used a touch of classical columns that arrive at no structural function. He made these columns stand out by mise en scene them in a reflecting pool. The Portland public says the building is both formal and playful, governor Ivancie says that most big city building were beginning to be built to simple with Just glass outsides.He says the Portland building doesnt need design features like other big city buildings. Some did criticize the design only if most were thrilled by the uniqueness of the new building. People say there is type of humor to his designs and buildings. Graves has become an opponent of modern works who uses humor as an integral part of his architecture (1). Graves uses designs from the past and puts his own twist on them. Graves re-interpreted the rational style that had been introduced by Le Corbusier in the 1920s into a neoclassical style (1). Michael Graves has many building that are very famous, precisely his design on theHumana Building in Lo uisville, Kentucky is maybe his best design hes had. His design on this building got him in the time magazine. TIME Magazine listed it as one of the 10 best buildings of the decade (2). The building looks different from every side. Many say it is one of the most unique and distinctive skyscrapers in America. Critics say it is a textbook example of Postmodernism. Graves Humana building is said to have its fair share of flaws but the brilliant design more than counteracts the flaws. While the building has undeniable flaws, they are easily outweighed by its attributes, hich have only grown stronger with time(3).http//featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/house/http//www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/tv/http//featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/technology_internetcritic/https//books.google.com.ua/books?id=JwhZCwAAQBAJpg=PA225lpg=PA225dq=http//featuresblogs.+chicagotribune.+com/tsource=blots=CwG3pAKd5lsig=5KrPfyo2wN90yu3ZXrsblMPOpewhl=uksa=Xved=0ahUKEwjy0NvQhoPUAhVKD5oKHUzSCe 8Q6AEIRDAEv=onepageq=http%3A%2F%2Ffeaturesblogs.%20chicagotribune.%20com%2Ftf=falsehttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humana_BuildingHumanahttp//www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Michael_Graves.html

Arguments on Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Arguments on Utilitarianism evidenceWhich is more(prenominal)(prenominal) valu satisfactory a game of push-pin or the study of Latin? Which has greater worth the heart of a single young girl or the lives of an finished community? These be the sorts of questions raised when relations with the upshot of utilitarianism. According to Jeremy Bentham, the father of the theory, the supreme moral goal of human beings should be to increase pastime and to decrease pain. To maximize the amount of time spent in content, and minimize the times of depression. And he has a point. Simply stated like that, everyone so-and-so agree that that is definitely something they want to achieve.But when his theory is employ to real-life conditions, the varying answers and resulting blots arent always applicable with such a cut-and-dry cure-all. Contrary to Benthams theory, just because doing something may front to create an overall better situation than non doing something, it doesnt necess arily mean that it should be done. When he states his place, Bentham seems to guard taken into account all of the variables. He affirms that the commonplaces of right and wrong, and the chains of cause and effect, will influence what merely promotes pleasure and prevents pain (306).He also recognizes that the quantity of people being affected is a modify factor as to whether something is ultimately beneficial or detrimental (311). Drawing upon these recognized facts, Bentham goes so farther as to create a virtual mathematical equation for determining utility Including intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity, fecundity, and purity as factors of what qualifies as happiness, and in that respectby, righteousness (311). But this in itself is absurd, as it is impossible to gauge the properties he proposes.He does not, and can not, provide a scale with which to measure how certain, how intense, or how pure the goodness level of something is. Nor is he able to quantify the overal l amount of utility one law or reason offers to an entire nation under government which is what he suggests at the rest of his theory (312). It can be conceded that the utility of a rule should be considered during its establishment, as in general rules should be for the greater good and on that pointfore the greater happiness. But there are other factors that come into play that Bentham neglects to recognize.In Ivans Challenge, Fyodor Dostoevsky suggests a striking situation in which utility is obviously not the lone factor in determining its morality (333). He conjures up a circumstance where a small, young girl is to be sacrificed for the edifice of human destiny, the ultimate aim of which is to bring people happiness, to give them peace and contentment at last? (333). With her death, the salvation of the entire community is achieved. At first glance, and in Benthams eyes, its a simple equation. One is lesser than infinity.Her death would be justified because the lives of so many others would be saved. But, he fails to consider human emotion. Living with the fact that a young child had to have died in order for themselves to live may not necessarily be a life of cheerfulness. Furthermore, by calling this a justified situation, Bentham is putting a price on human life. This action in itself is immoral. Also, its an example of a situation where its not really a matter of increasing happiness. Putting a value on a human life is an action in which no party is gaining or losing contentment directly.It doesnt fit into Benthams equation, and apart from it, is an immoral action that should not ethically be able to exist passively beside his main theory of morals by utility. In amplification to this flaw, Bentham fails to acknowledge the notion that all pleasures are not created equal. In his first writing, The Principle of Utility, he merely manages to recognize the aspect of quantity, and it is in a second, Push-Pin and Poetry, that he proceeds to debunk the possibility of varying qualities of pleasure. To Bentham, there are different kinds of pleasure, but one is not greater or better than another.He breaks them lot into two different categories 1, arts and sciences of amusement and curiosity, and 2, arts and sciences of simple and immediate utility (200). Those of amusement he associates with the fine arts, such as meter, painting, or architecture, and are generally appreciated aesthetically (200). Those of curiosity he associates with sciences and history, such as the study of foreign languages or biology (200). Those of simple utility are more basic, such as a game of push-pin (200). They are ordinary things that can be enjoyed by anyone.He goes on to say that, prejudice apart, the game of push-pin is of equal value with the fine arts and sciences of music and poetry (200). His only concession is that if music and science are placed above a game of push-pin in utility, it is only because those individuals are more difficult to pl ease (200). nowhere does he acknowledge that those difficult individuals are correct or justified in wanting a more stimulating source of excitement. Nowhere does he consent that the thrill of curing a disease through the study of medicine overpowers the apprise amusement of a board game.But, tin can Stuart Mill, a supporter of the philosophy of utilitarianism, does. He begins by citing a major criticism of utility, which is that many people feel that the idea of life having no higher end besides pleasure? no better and nobler object of desire and pursuit is degrading and dishonorable (201). His visit is that it is only degrading if the accusation supposes human beings to be fitted of no pleasures except those of which swine are capable (201). This is obviously not the case. We would not be content simply rolling in mud and gorging ourselves on tangerine rinds.Humans require more stimulation and excitement in order to achieve happiness than an animal, such as swine, with lesser faculties. It is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied (Mill 203). To be able to fully appreciate and understand the higher pleasures, such as love and friendship, is so a lot more rewarding than the simple contentments of physical gratification. Despite the truth that a fool or a swine may lead a more content life, it is only because they require less to achieve contentment.This supplements Benthams report of a person who prefers poetry to push-pin being more difficult to please. Bentham just fails to see that human beings in their usual healthy, intelligent forms are all difficult to please. All in all, the philosophy of utilitarianism is an acceptable standard of morality? on most occasions. There will always be situations where what is truly moral does not fully satisfy the idea of existence exempt from pain and rich in enjoyments. And, contrary to Bentham, there are pleasures that are of higher quality than others, just as there are pains more severe than o thers.Works Cited Bentham, Jeremy. Push-Pin and Poetry. Ethics. Ed. Peter Singer. Oxford University Press New York, 1994. 199-200. Bentham, Jeremy. The Principle of Utility. Ethics. Ed. Peter Singer. Oxford University Press New York, 1994. 306-312. Mill, John Stuart. Higher and Lower Pleasures. Ethics. Ed. Peter Singer. Oxford University Press New York, 1994. 201-205. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Ivans Challenge. Ethics. Ed. Peter Singer. Oxford University Press New York, 1994. 332.