The edocrine system

The internal secretion governing body The endocrine system is a accretion of ductless unloosers which be positi angiotensin-converting enzymed through the whole clay. The endocrine glands pass their secretions of ductless glands direct into the tide rip stream so that they are always adjacent to blood vessels. Hormones are chemicals in the soundbox produced and secreted in the body that thwart the run short of a particular tissue or organ (Bing dictionary). These chemical messengers transferee information from one set of cells to another.Despite some(prenominal) chemicals being transmitted and circulated rough the body via the bloodstream, each one only acts n the cells that are genetic every(prenominal)y programmed to receive and respond to its message. Hormone levels poop be influenced by to a greater extent factors including stress, infection and changes in the balance of fluids indoors the body. A gland is a group of cells that produce and secrete chemicals (h ttp//kidshealth. org/parent/general/body_basics/ endocrine. html). A gland will select and eliminate waste materials from the blood, then process it and secrete the end product for use at another location in the body.Endocrine glands loosen more than 20 major endocrine glands straight into the loodstream and from here they can be transported to the cells in other parts of the body. There are many major glands that make up the endocrine system and these include the hypothalamus, hypophysis, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal body and the procreative glands (testes for males and ovaries for females). The pancreas is in like manner convolute in secreting hormones which are problematic with the maintaining of blood sugar levels within the body.The pancreas is in any case associated with the digestive system as it produced hydrolytic enzymes which aid with digestion. Neuro- endocrine system The nervous and endocrine systems apply all the biological processes within the body and they can almost control one another. The nervous system can stimulate or oppress the release of trusted hormones while the endocrine system can promote of inhibit nerve impulses. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is found in the lower part of the brain and is a collection of particular cells.It has key links with the nervous system and the endocrine system and has an grave role in secreting hormones. The nerve cells in the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland by producing certain chemicals that can timulate or supress hormone secretions from the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is mode come inly microscopic and is located at the base of the brain beneath the produced hormones that control other endocrine glands within the body. The hypothalamus can convey information sensed by the brain to the pituitary gland to make any changes that could be influenced by factors like emotions and seasonal changes.The pituitary secreter The pituitary gland is divided into 2 sections antecedent lobe This regulates the activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands. It also roduces return hormone which stimulates the increment of thrum and other body tissues. It also produces prolactin which stimulates mammary gland growth and activates milk issue in females. Thyrotropin is another hormone produced and this stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Corticotrophin is produced which causes the adrenal glands to produce certain hormones.Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) is also produced and affects ovaries in females and stimulates the development of oocytes. It also affects the testes of males and stimulates the production of sperm. Luteinizing hormone (LH) affects the ovaries in females and stimulates ovulation, the formation of the corpus luteum and results in secretion of estrogen and progesterone. It affects the testes of males and stimulates the production of testosterone. The pituitary gland also secretes endorphins. These are chemicals that act on the nervous system and allow us to reduce our sensitivity to pain.It also triggers the reproductive organs to release sex hormones such as testosterone in males, and estradiol and progesterone in females which play a part in the menstruation cycle. Posterior lobe This releases antidiuretic hormone and this encourages reabsorption of water by the kidneys. The posterior lobe also produces the hormone called oxytocin and this helps induce labour and produces milk in the mammary glands of females. Another hormone produced in the posterior lobe is Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and this helps with the darkening of the skin. Hull. R, Anatomy & Physiology for bag and Complementary Therapies, the Write Idea Ltd, 2009) thyroid The thyroid is positioned in the lower region of the neck at the earlier and it produces a hormone called thyroxine. This is an amino acid derivative and increases the metabolic rate and heart rate. It also promotes growth within the body. Another development also, and helps with body temperature and plays a role in metabolism. Calcitonin is another hormone organise which targets bones and lowers the level of calcium in the blood.The production and release of these thyroid hormones is controlled by Thyrotropin and this is secreted by the pituitary gland. If a person has more thyroid hormones circulating in the blood stream, the chemical re runs within the body will occur much quicker. Parathyroids There are 4 microscopic glands that are attached to the thyroid called the parathyroids. These release a hormone called parathyroid hormone and this adjusts the level of calcium in the blood with the help of calcitonin, which is also formed in the thyroid. (http//kidshealth. rg/teen/your_body/body_basics/endocrine. html). It also decreases the level of phosphate in the blood and promotes the formation of calcitriol by the kidneys. Thymus The thymus gland plays an important role in the immune system and secretes numer ous hormones. hotshot of these is thymosin and this promotes the growth of T- Cells which are a type of white blood cell. (Hull. R, Anatomy & Physiology for Beauty and Complementary Therapies, the Write Idea Ltd, 2009). Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands are laid above each kidney and release many hormones that are important in the body.The adrenal glands are divided into 2 sections and each one has a particular function Adrenal cortex The adrenal cortex produces sex hormone hormones that are essential in the body. These hormones are grouped into mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones. This produces corticosteroids that regulate water and salt balance in the body. They also play a role in the bodys response to stress and help maintain metabolism. The adrenal glands also produce mineralcorticoids (mainly aldosterone) and this acts on the kidneys.It regulates the mineral content of the blood by increasing blood levels of sodium and water, it also decreases blood levels o f potassium. Sex hormones called androgens and oestrogens are also produced in the adrenal cortex and these have a small contribution to sex drive and libido. The adrenal medulla in innervated by neurones of the sympathetic branch of the ANS and can quickly release hormones called catecholamines. One example of this is epinephrine (also knget as adrenaline) and this produces many effects which are related to short-term stress response.It is also responsible for the fght or escapism response which is triggered during times of stress. This increases blood pressure and heart rate (from own personal notes). Another hormone called norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) plays a role in the bodys response to stress. It decreases the rate of digestion and stimulates cellular metabolism. Pineal Gland The pineal gland is located in the middle of the brain and it secretes a hormone alled melatonin and this regulates sleep patterns in the body.Reproductive glands In males the reproductiv e gland is the testes. It produces a hormone called testosterone which regulates the development and maintenance of secondary winding sex characteristics. In females the reproductive gland is the ovaries. A hormone produces is estradiol which regulates the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics. Another hormone produced is progesterone and this prepares the uterus for pregnancy and is abstruse in the regulation of the menstrual cycle in females. PancreasThe pancreas is also involved in secreting hormones around the body and also links with the digestive system as it secretes digestive and hydrolytic enzymes. The pancreas produces 3 hormones. Insulin this is secreted from the beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and is secreted in reply to a raised blood glucose concentration. The effect of insulin is that is lowers blood glucose concentration to normal levels. The modes of action for this are that it stimulates the absorption of glucose from the blood by the muscle fibres, liver cells and adipose cells.