Ottoman vs. Mughals

pull imperium Vs. Mughal conglomerate The tuffet and Mughal pudding st unrivaleds were two of the most successful empires to ever come together. However, in their handedness there was many similarities as substantially as differences. Both went finished their share of struggle. Whether through semipolitical, spectral, or cultural struggle the two empires had to assert on their emperors for guidance and rule. The faggots were amid the Turkic-speaking nomadic people who had spread double-u from Central Asia through unwrap the ninth, tenth and el level(p)th centuries. The firstly to count were the Seljuk Turks.In the late thirteenth century, a new group of Turks began to protrude in the northwestern corner of Anatolian peninsula, to a lower place the attractorship of the tribal leader Osman. These Turks were peaceful and engaged in pastoral pursuits. However, with the decline of the Seljuk imperium in the early 14th century, the Osman Turks began to expand and founde d the Osmanli dynasty. The Osmanlis ulterior became cognise as the Ottomans. Later expanding westward the Ottoman Empire set up their first European base at Gallipoli. They expanded gradually into the Balkans and confederate with Serbia and Bulgar forces against the Byzantines.Okhar gradually established permanent settlements in the area. Throughout the area Turkish provincial governors, called beys, collected taxes from the local Slavic peasants by and by driving out the previous knowledge baselords. This afterwards became known as the Bey system. Which would be the foundation of the Ottoman administration for centuries. In this system the Ottoman leader began to claim the rubric of Sultan or supreme condition over his domain. The Ottoman political system was the result of the evolution of tribal institutions into a sedentary empire (Duiker, Spielvogel. 455).At the apex of this system was the Sultan, who was the authority in some(prenominal) a political and military sense . Though, twain administrative and military power was centralized under the bey. Okhars son Murad succeeded him in 1389. Murad began to build of a strong military administration based on the recruitment of Christians into an elite guard. These warriors were called Janissaries. most of these Janissaries were even able to become senior members of the bureaucracy. They were hence assigned land in fief by the sultan and were responsible for collecting taxes and supplying armies to the empire.The land was farmed out to the local cavalry elite called the Sipahis. Who were equivalent to the beys, this system later became known as the Devshirme system. Janissaries were besides a big advantage because they were instantaneously subordinated to the sultanate because of this they owed loyalty to the person of the sultan. Both Okhars and Murads system were brisk aspects of the Ottomans expansion. The most prevalent was in 1451 when Mehmet II reproducible the formulation of a major fortre ss on the Bosporus. This move barf the Turks in a position to strangle the Byzantine Empire. With the Byzantines hand-cuffed, Mehmet II do his move.He attacked Constantinople in 1453 where he defeated the empire and ignited the expansion of what would be known as one of the most dominant empires of all time. Constantinople later was renamed to Istanbul, as it became the center of the art, education, and religion for the Ottoman Empire. Mehmet II did not exactly tear down the Byzantine Empire, but he also built the Topkapi Palace, which was the heart of administration and religion. The Ottoman Empire continued their expansion with Mehmets successor Selim I in 1512. Selim I defeated the Mamlucks of Egypt after they failed to hold in the Ottomans in there battle against the Safavids.Which gave him control of several holy cities of Islam, including Jerusalem, Mecca, and Medina, Selim declared himself the new Caliph, or the successor of Muhammad in the Muslim religion. The Caliph is the highest religious authority and the defender of the religion. Also, the Caliph interprets laws of the Sharia. However, in practice the Head non-Christian priest does the interpreting. These Ottomans elites were Sunni Muslims, although, Islamic law and customs were applied to all Muslims in the empire. Some comm unit of measurementies were attracted to Sufism or other heterodox doctrines.The government accepted such activities as long as the communities remained loyal to the empire. Non-Muslims formed a significant minority within the empire. The minority was treated with relative tolerance, but they were compelled to pay a capitulum tax and were permitted to practice their religion or convert to Islam. severally of these religious groups within the empire was organized as an administrative unit known as millet. Each group, including Muslims had its own patriarch priest, who dealt as an intercessor with the government and administered the comm hotshot according to its own laws. Nomadic people were fixed in separate millets.Where they were subject to their own laws, and were governed by their hereditary chiefs, the beys. The Mughals came close in quite a different way. In the late fourteenth century, the Indian subcontinent known as Calicut was divided into a number of Hindoo and Muslim kingdoms. However, it was on the verge of a new era of unity that was brought upon by a foreign dynasty known as the Mughals. The Founder of the Mughal Empire known as Babur had a prominent family history, not only was his flummox a descendent from the great Asian conqueror Tamerlane, but his induce was also a descendent from the Mongol Conqueror Genghis Khan.Unlike the Ottomans who earned their first land as a reward from the Seljuk Turks for their role in the drive out of the Mongols in the late thirteenth century. Babur inherited a portion of Tamerlanes empire in an upland valley of the Syr Darya River. Though, the Uzbeks and then the Safavid dynasty in Persia drove him south. Babur and his warriors later seized Kabul in 1504 and thirteen geezerhood later crossed Khyber Pass into India. Moreover, the conqueror of the Mughal Empire that made the greatest impact was Baburs grandson Akbar.Although he was illiterate, and only assumed the throne at the age of fourteen. He was also remembered as one of the most goodly conquerors of the empire. So intelligent, instead of taking the title of the Caliph as the Ottomans did. He proclaimed himself as the spiritual and temporal head of state. Akbar did this to insure that everyone would follow his policies, not because he was Devine, but because of his wisdom. Akbar took toleration to an totally different level. Making the Ottomans look intolerable, as emperor Akbar dis compete a keen interest in other religions.Tolerating Hindu practices in his own domains but also welcoming the expression of Christian views by his Jesuit advisers. With these beliefs, Akbar decided to formulate his own religion h e called Din-I-Ilahi. This religion was based off toleration, taking away many regulations that the Muslim motor lodge had in place. For example, he allowed worship in public he allowed construction of Christian churches and Hindu Temple. As well as establishing a shift department, translating Hindu religious books into Persian. Yet in 1519, maybe the most chief(prenominal) regulation was eliminated, when Akbar abolished the Jizya.This was the head tax put in place by the ottomans to all of the Non-Muslims had to pay in order to stay out of the military. Doing this created a brotherhood of man within the Muslim culture, unlike the Ottomans who looked down on the minorities in the area. Akbar also extends his changes to the imperial administration. The empire was divided into provinces, a people like the Ottomans, and the administration of each province was modeled after the central government, with separate departments for military, financial, commercial, and legal affairs. Seni or officials were then appointed for each department.These officials were known as Zamindars. The officials were first paid salaries, but later they were unremarkably assigned sections of agricultural land. Where peasants walked the land, tilled the land, but were forced to pay a tax to the Zamindar. Which was partly kept by the Zamindar, and the rest was forwarded to the central government. The Zamindar also recruited a number of military and civilian retainers and accumulated big power in their areas. A great deal of the Mughals success was the harmony that Akbar enforce on their society.Unfortunately, when Akbar passed, so did most of his ideas. Akbars successors tried to turn the Mughal Empire back into a Sunni Muslim state, and the toleration of Non-Muslims was gone. This discrimination as well as economic crisis led to decline of the Mughal Empire. Despite the fact that both the Ottomans and the Mughals had outstanding leadership and motivation, this was not the lone calcul ate that allowed them to be so successful. Some scholars have labeled them Gun gunpowder Empire because of their superior military techniques of modern warfare, especially the use of firearms.Firearms played a central role in expansion for both the empires. In conclusion, these two Sunni Muslim empires could seem quite diverse on one hand, but in the big picture they have a considerable amount in common. Both were trying to achieve their goal of expansion, and both had to innovate their own regulations within a Sunni Muslim state. Nevertheless, the two went close these two goals in a diverse way. Bibliography William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel, World memorial Seventh Edition, The Pennsylvania State University, Vol. II, Since 1500.